2015年成人英语三级阅读理解指代题解题方法

2015-05-06 16:32:00来源：网络

　　做阅读理解题目时常碰到如下这样的问题。

　　The word "it" in line× most probably refers to .

　　In line×, the word "one" could best be replaced by .

　　What does the word "they" in line×refer to ?

　　这里所说的指代，主要是指代词的指代。

　　代词指代总的原则是就近指代：指代在性(阴性或阳性)、数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，如上所述，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中;就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，也可指代一个句子;they指代复数名词主格;them指代复数名词宾格;one指代单数可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的标准，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上都说得通。

　　通过单数和复数做题

　　就it来说，指代有两种情况。

　　1.指代单数词或词组

　　例如，He poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoise that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in.

　　it不能指代复数的his writings，从语法规则，能指代的只有the pain of his life，也即the fierce hatred of the bourgeoise that it (the pain of his life) had produced in him, and the conviction it (the pain of his life) had brought to him…

　　2.指代句子意思

　　例如，Long afterwards the U-2 pilot recalled that when got into trouble he was asked whether he was an American."It seemed," he said,"pointless to deny it."

　　这里的it就是指代前面he was an American整个句子的意思。也即It seemed pointless to deny that l was an American.

　　就they和them来说，尽管指代的必须是复数名词，但具体的指代也有两种情况。

　　一是有生命的，如复数男的，复数女的，以及复数动植物;二是无生命的东西。在中文分别用他们、她们和它们指代，英语中都用they，them。如Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

　　句中有两个them，符合指代条件的有firms和researches。根据句子意思，第一个them指代firms;第二个them是指代 researches，也即it is a positive advantage to them (the bigger firms) not to keep them (researches) secret.(不保密这些研究肯定对大公司是有利的。)

　　至于one，也有既可指代有生命的又可指代无生命的，但能够被one指代的必须是不可数名词。而且one还可以是one person的简略形式，也就是说先行词可以不出现，直接用one。

　　例如，There will be no heroics in a war where the safest place will be the front line, if there is one, and the most dangerous the house of our civilization population.

　　句中的one就是指代无生命the safest place。也即if there is one (the safest place)。

　　再如，My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.句中的the one就是指代有生命的9eneration。

　　例

　　In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to dis-tinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute(长笛) and drum ensemble(歌舞团)is performing. "Anybody can take part.. " This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally ca-pable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but rela-tively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active specta-tors, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.

　　The word "such" (Line 2) refers to the fact that

　　A. music is performed with the participation of the audience

　　B. music is performed without the participation of the audience

　　C. people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers

　　D. people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs

　　such可以就近指代上文的名词或一个句子，在这里指代前一分句的主句：it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers(不难区分演员和观众)，这是我们文化里的情况，与非洲文化里的情况相反，因为“such”所在的句子说：but such is often not the case in Africa。而根据文章后半部分的叙述，在非洲文化的音乐表演中观众积极参与，反之，我们文化里的音乐表演中就没有观众参与，因此B为正确答案。C说的是人们倾向于区分演员与观众，与原文是否难以区分意思不符，所以应该排除。

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