口译：Raymond Wacks-What is Privacy 汉译

2016-03-08 12:09:53来源：英语学习

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While much of our contemporary disquiet about privacy tends to spring from the malevolent capacity of technology, a yearning for a private realm long precedes the Brave New World of bits and bytes, of electronic surveillance, and CCTV. Indeed, anthropologists have demonstrated that there is a near-universal desire for individual and group privacy in primitive societies, and that this is reflected in appropriate social norms. Moreover, we are not alone in seeking refuge from the crowd. Animals too need privacy.

At the most general level, the idea of privacy embraces the desire to be left alone, free to be ourselves—uninhabited and unconstrained by the prying of others. This extends beyond snooping and unsolicited publicity to intrusions upon the “space” we need to make intimate, personal decisions without the intrusion of the state. Thus “privacy” is frequently employed to describe a zone demarcated as “private” in which, for example, a woman exercises a choice as to whether she wishes to have an abortion, or an individual is free to express his or her sexuality. Debates about privacy are therefore often entangled with contentious moral questions, including the use of contraception and the right to pornography.

In any event, at the core of our concern to protect privacy lies a conception of the individual’s relationship with society. Once we acknowledge a separation between the public and the private domain, we presume both the existence of a community in which such a division makes sense, but also an institutional structure that facilitates an organic representation of this sort. In other words, to postulate the ‘private’ presupposes the ‘public’.

A life without privacy is inconceivable. But what ends does privacy actually serve? In addition to its significance in liberal democratic theory, privacy stakes out a ‘space’ for creativity, psychological well-being, our ability to love, forge social relationships, promote trust, intimacy, and friendship.

In his classic work, Alan Westin identifies four functions of privacy that combine the concept’s individual and social dimensions. First, it engenders personal autonomy; the democratic principle of individuality is associated with the need for such autonomy—the desire to avoid manipulation or domination by others. Second, it provides the opportunity for emotional release. Privacy allows us to remove one’s social masks:

On any given day a man may move through the roles of stern father, loving husband, car-pool comedian, skilled lathe operator, union steward, water-cooler flirt, and American Legion committee chairman—all psychologically different roles that he adopts as he moves from scene to scene on the individual stage . . . Privacy . . . gives individuals, from factory workers to Presidents, a chance to lay their masks aside for rest. To be always ‘on’ would destroy the human organism.

Third, it allows us to engage in self-evaluation: the ability to formulate and test creative and moral activities and ideas. And, fourth, privacy offers us the environment in which we can share confidences and intimacies, and engage in limited and protected communication.

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