旅游英语阅读：敦煌莫高窟

2017-01-29 11:34:00来源：网络

　　新东方在线英语网为大家准备了旅游英语阅读：敦煌莫高窟。希望以下内容能够为大家的旅游提供便利。更多有关旅游英语的内容，尽在新东方在线英语网!

　　MOGAO Caves or Mogao Grottoes form a system of 492 temples 25km southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China on the edges of the Taklamakan Desert.

　　The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years. Construction of the Buddhist cave shrines began in 366 CE as places to store scriptures and art.

　　In the early 1900s, a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu appointed himself guardian of some of these temples. Wang discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to a main cave. Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous hoard of manuscripts dating from 406 to 1002 CE.

　　Rumors of this discovery brought several European expeditions to the area by 1910. These included a joint British/Indian group led by Aurel Stein (who took hundreds of copies of the Diamond Sutra because he was unable to read Chinese), a French expedition under Paul Pelliot, a Japanese expedition under Otani Kozui which arrived after the Chinese government's forcesand a Russian expedition under Sergei F. Oldenburg which found the least. Pelloit was interested in the more unusual and exotic of Wang's manuscripts such as those dealing with the administration and financing of the monastery and associated lay men's groups.

　　The remaining Chinese manuscripts were sent to Beijing at the order of the Chinese government. The mass of Tibetan manuscripts remained at the sites. Wang embarked on an ambitious refurbishment of the temples, funded in part by solicited donations from neighboring towns and in part by donations from Stein and Pelliot.

　　Today, the site is the subject of an ongoing archaeological project. The Mogao Caves became one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1987.

　　To have a better understanding of thoses embarrassed rumors, let's refer to a prose called "Daoist Pagoda(道士塔)" written by Yu Qiuyu(余秋雨).

　　莫高窟属全国重点文物保护单位，俗称千佛洞，坐落在河西走廊西端的敦煌，以精美的壁画和塑像闻名于世。它始建于十六国的前秦时期，历经十六国、北朝、隋、唐、五代、西夏、元等历代的兴建，形成巨大的规模，现有洞窟735个，壁画4.5万平方米、泥质彩塑2415尊，是世界上现存规模最大、内容最丰富的佛教艺术地。近代以来又发现了藏经洞，内有5万多件古代文物，并衍生出了一门专门研究藏经洞典籍和敦煌艺术的学科——敦煌学。但莫高窟在近代以来受到许多人为的损伤，文物大量流失，其完整性已被严重破坏。1961年，莫高窟被中华人民共和国国务院公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位之一。1987年，莫高窟被列为世界文化遗产。是中国四大石窟之一，四大石窟还有：龙门石窟、云冈石窟和麦积山石窟。

　　莫高窟位于中国甘肃省敦煌市东南25公里处的鸣沙山东麓断崖上，前临宕泉河，面向东，南北长1680米，高50米。洞窟分布高低错落、鳞次栉比，上、下最多有五层。它始建于十六国时期，据唐《李克让重修莫高窟佛龛碑》的记载，前秦建元二年(366年)，僧人乐僔路经此山，忽见金光闪耀，如现万佛，于是便在岩壁上开凿了第一个洞窟。此后法良禅师等又继续在此建洞修禅，称为“漠高窟”，意为“沙漠的高处”。后世因“漠”与“莫”通用，便改称为“莫高窟”。北魏、西魏和北周时，统治者崇信佛教，石窟建造得到王公贵族们的支持，发展较快。隋唐时期，随着丝绸之路的繁荣，莫高窟更是兴盛，在武则天时有洞窟千余个。安史之乱后，敦煌先后由吐蕃和归义军占领，但造像活动未受太大影响。北宋、西夏和元代，莫高窟渐趋衰落，仅以重修前朝窟室为主，新建极少。元朝以后，随着丝绸之路的废弃，莫高窟也停止了兴建并逐渐湮没于世人的视野中。直到清康熙四十年(1701年)后，这里才重新为人注意。近代，人们通常称其为“千佛洞”。

　　莫高窟是一座融绘画、雕塑和建筑艺术于一体，以壁画为主、塑像为辅的大型石窟寺。它的石窟形制主要有禅窟、中心塔柱窟、殿堂窟、中心佛坛窟、四壁三龛窟、大像窟、涅磐窟等。各窟大小相差甚远，最大的第16窟达268平方米，最小的第37窟高不盈尺。窟外原有木造殿宇，并有走廊、栈道等相连，现多已不存。

　　莫高窟壁画绘于洞窟的四壁、窟顶和佛龛内，内容博大精深，主要有佛像、佛教故事、佛教史迹、经变、神怪、供养人、装饰图案等七类题材，此外还有很多表现当时狩猎、耕作、纺织、交通、战争、建设、舞蹈、婚丧嫁娶等社会生活各方面的画作。这些画有的雄浑宽广，有的瑰丽华艳，体现了不同时期的艺术风格和特色。中国五代以前的画作已大都散失，莫高窟壁画为中国美术史研究提供了重要实物，也为研究中国古代风俗提供了极有价值的形象和图样。据计算，这些壁画若按2米高排列，可排成长达25公里的画廊。

本文关键字: 旅游英语