2022年上海高级口译复习：健全社会主义协商民主制度

2022年上海高级口译复习：健全社会主义协商民主制度

　　上海高级口译相对来说难度更大，对于基础和中级口译来说，上海高级口译考察大家英语知识点会更广泛。这对于大家来说是备考的难点。那么在实际的备考中，这部分内容应该如何进行积累学习呢?下面小编为大家整理了“2022年上海高级口译复习：健全社会主义协商民主制度”，让我们一起来看看吧!

　　健全社会主义协商民主制度

　　The Development of Socialist Consultative Democracy in China

　　贾庆林

　　Jia Qinglin

　　人民民主是我们党始终高扬的光辉旗帜。党的十八大报告明确提出，要坚持走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路和推进政治体制改革。改革开放以来，我们总结发展社会主义民主正反两方面经验，不断推进政治体制改革，社会主义民主政治建设取得重大进展，成功开辟和坚持了中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，为实现最广泛的人民民主确立了正确方向。政治体制改革是我国全面改革的重要组成部分。继续积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，必须坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，更加注重改进党的领导方式和执政方式，更加注重健全民主制度、丰富民主形式，更加注重发挥法治在国家治理和社会管理中的重要作用，充分发挥社会主义政治制度优越性，积极借鉴人类政治文明有益成果，绝不照搬西方政治制度模式，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主。

　　The CPC has always upheld the great banner of people’s democracy. The report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC clearly states that we need to keep to the socialist path of political advancement with Chinese characteristics and promote the continuation of political reforms. Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, we have taken stock of both our positive and negative experiences in the development of socialist democracy, worked to steadily promote political reform, and made major progress in developing socialist democracy. As a result, we have been successful in forging and adhering to a socialist path of political advancement with Chinese characteristics, which has put us on the right course for achieving the most extensive possible people’s democracy in China. Political reforms constitute an important part of China’s overall reforms. In continuing to carry out political reform, we need to ensure the unity of the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law. We need to place greater emphasis on enhancing the way that the Party exercises leadership and governance, on improving the systems of democracy, and on diversifying the forms in which democracy is embodied. We need to give greater scope to the important role that the rule of law plays in national governance and social management. We also need to give full play to the strength of the socialist political system whilst drawing on the political achievements of other societies. However, under no circumstances will we ever copy the Western political system. Through our efforts, we will make people’s democracy wider in scope, fuller in form, and sounder in practice.

　　坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，一个重要方面就是大力发展社会主义协商民主。十八大报告首次提出“社会主义协商民主是我国人民民主的重要形式”。要求“健全社会主义协商民主制度”，强调“要完善协商民主制度和工作机制，深入进行专题协商、对口协商、界别协商、提案办理协商，积极开展基层民主协商，推进协商民主广泛、多层、制度化发展”。把协商民主正式写进党代会报告，是十八大的重要历史贡献，也是重大理论创新，充分体现了我们党推进人民民主的坚定信心，对于发展中国特色社会主义民主政治具有重要指导作用，对于推动人类政治文明发展必将作出有益贡献。

　　In committing to the socialist path of political advancement with Chinese characteristics, it is important that we make greater efforts to develop socialist consultative democracy. The report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC states that “socialist consultative democracy is an important form of people’s democracy in our country.” It requires that we need to “improve the system of socialist consultative democracy,” and stresses that we must “improve its institutions and work mechanisms,” “conduct intensive consultations on special issues with those who work on those issues, consultations on a sector-by-sector basis, and consultations on the handling of proposals,” “carry out democratic consultation at the community level,” and “promote its extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development.” The formal inclusion of consultative democracy in the report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC represents an important historical contribution and a major theoretical innovation of the Communist Party of China. Fully demonstrating the firm confidence of the Party in promoting people’s democracy, it will play an important guiding role in our efforts to develop socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, and will undoubtedly benefit the progression of political civilization in all societies.

　　一、充分认识社会主义协商民主的重要意义

　　I. Fully understanding the significance of socialist consultative democracy

　　协商民主是中国共产党和中国人民在社会主义民主形式方面的伟大创造，是对马克思主义民主理论的丰富和发展。社会主义协商民主具有鲜明特点和独特优势，既坚持社会主义制度，又继承和发扬中国优秀政治文化传统;既坚持民主集中制的组织原则和领导制度，又肯定广大人民群众的民主地位;既坚持中国共产党的领导，又发挥各党派团体、各族各界人士的作用。协商民主的重要性和优越性，主要体现在以下三个方面。

　　Consultative democracy was created by the CPC and the Chinese people as a form of socialist democracy. In this sense, consultative democracy represents the grand product of our efforts to enrich and develop Marxist theories on democracy. Socialist consultative democracy exhibits distinctive features as well as unique advantages. Not only representing a commitment to socialism, it carries forward China’s fine political and cultural traditions. Not only representing a commitment to the organizational principles and leadership mode of democratic centralism, it also affirms the role of the general public in democracy. Not only representing a commitment to the leadership of the CPC, it also gives play to the role of all political parties and organizations as well as people of all ethnic groups and all sectors of society. The importance and superiorities of consultative democracy are mainly embodied in the following three aspects.

　　第一，协商民主是社会主义民主政治独特优势的重要体现。社会主义民主的本质是人民当家作主，协商民主充分体现了社会主义民主的真实性、广泛性、包容性。协商民主以社会主义制度为政治基础，集中反映了广大人民群众的根本利益。协商民主的主体涵盖社会各界、各方面人士，既反映多数人的普遍愿望，又吸纳少数人的合理主张，可以最大程度地实现最广大人民的民主权利。健全社会主义协商民主制度，与我国社会主义制度的本质要求相统一，与人民群众民主意识不断增强的趋势相适应，有助于拓宽有序政治参与渠道，有助于彰显社会主义制度的特点和优势。

　　First, consultative democracy is an important manifestation of the unique superiorities of socialist democracy. The essence of socialist democracy is that the people are the masters of the country. In this sense, consultative democracy fully embodies the authenticity, broadness, and inclusiveness of socialist democracy. Taking the socialist system as its foundation, consultative democracy reflects the fundamental interests of the general public. Given that its participants come from all sectors of society and all walks of life, consultative democracy is able to reflect the general wishes of the majority whilst taking the rational claims of the minority into account. This allows for the democratic rights of the overwhelming majority of the people to be realized to the maximum extent. The improvement of socialist consultative democracy falls in line with both the essence of China’s socialist system and the trend of increasing democratic awareness among the public. Therefore, it is an effort that will not only expand the channels for orderly participation in governance, but also demonstrate the features and superiorities of China’s socialist system.

　　第二，协商民主是党和政府科学民主决策的重要途径。坚持协商于决策之前和决策执行过程中，是我们党治国理政的重要经验，也是重大决策必须坚持的重要原则。协商民主注重民主的实质，承认利益多样，在平等、宽松的氛围中，对经济社会发展中的重要问题和人民群众关心的热点难点问题进行协商讨论，在协商中深化认识、消除误解、增进理解、形成共识。通过协商，能够广开言路、广集众智、广求良策，把社会各方面分散的意见、愿望和要求进行系统、综合的反映，听到各种真知灼见、各种真招实招，使党和政府决策更加符合实际、顺应民意。

　　Second, consultative democracy is an important means for the Party and government to make scientific and democratic decisions. Carrying out consultations before policies are made and during the course of their implementation is an important method of governance employed by the Party and an important principle that must be adhered to in major policy-making activities. Consultative democracy emphasizes the substance of democracy and acknowledges the diversity of interests. Taking place in a relaxed environment that emphasizes equality, consultations comprise of discussions on major issues in economic and social development and discussions on the major concerns and difficulties of the public. Through the course of these consultations, we are able to deepen understanding, dispel misunderstandings, promote mutual understanding, and reach common understandings. Through consultation, we are able to widely solicit opinions, pool wisdom, and seek out the best ways of solving problems. Consultation allows us to piece together opinions, wishes, and demands from all walks of life and reflect them in a systematic and comprehensive way. As a means by which we can hear real voices and seek real solutions, it enables the Party and the government to make policy decisions that conform to realities and the will of the people.

　　第三，协商民主是实现党的领导的重要形式。我们党的领导，一个显著特点就是寓领导于协商之中。协商的过程，既是广泛听取各种不同声音、充分吸收有益意见建议的过程，同时也是让社会各方面了解和接受党的政治主张和路线方针政策的过程。大力发展社会主义协商民主，体现了执政党对人民意愿和人民权利的尊重，有利于密切党与人民群众的联系，推动改进党的领导方式和执政方式，保证党领导人民有效治理国家。

　　Third, consultative democracy serves as an important form of the CPC’s leadership. A prominent feature of the CPC’s leadership is the fact that it is exercised through consultation. Consultation is a process in which the Party is able to extensively hear different voices and take onboard the valuable opinions and advice of the people. It is also a process in which all sectors of society are able to learn about and accept the political views, lines, principles, and policies of the Party. In making a major effort to improve consultative democracy, the Party has demonstrated the respect that it has for the will and the rights of the people. This effort will be conducive to strengthening the ties between the Party and the people, promoting improvements to the way that the Party exercises leadership and governance, and ensuring that the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country.

　　二、认真总结社会主义协商民主的丰富实践

　　II. Taking stock of rich experiences in socialist consultative democracy

　　社会主义协商民主的思想和实践在我国有一个历史发展过程。新民主主义革命时期,中国共产党就在同其他党派团体和党外人士团结合作过程中形成了协商民主思想，特别是在“三三制”民主政权建设中有效进行了协商民主实践，这可以说是协商民主的萌芽和雏形。一届政协的成功召开是协商的结果，协商建立中华人民共和国，正式确立中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，标志着协商民主这种新型民主形式开始在全国范围内实施。根据新中国成立初期的形势和任务，我们党与各民主党派、无党派人士创造了双周座谈会、协商座谈会和最高国务会议等行之有效的协商方式，在恢复和发展国民经济、推动社会主义改造和建设中发挥了积极作用。

　　Socialist consultative democracy has evolved in both theory and practice over the course of time. In the years of the new democratic revolution, the CPC developed the idea of consultative democracy in its cooperation with other political parties and organizations and public figures without party affiliation. In particular, the Party effectively employed consultative democracy in the establishment of democratic governance on the basis of the three-thirds principle,* and this can be regarded as the earliest form of consultative democracy. The convening of the First Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the founding of the People’s Republic of China were the products of consultation. The formal establishment of the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC marked the nationwide implementation of consultative democracy as a new form of democracy. In considering the situation and the tasks at hand in the early days of the People’s Republic of China, the CPC joined hands with all other political parties and public figures without party affiliation in developing various effective forms of consultation, such as bi-weekly seminars, consultation seminars, and the supreme state conference. These consultations played a positive role in the rebuilding and development of the national economy and in the promotion of socialist transformation and construction.

　　改革开放以来，我们党就国家重大方针政策和重要事务与社会各界人士广泛协商，已经形成一种制度。江泽民同志在1991年“两会”党员负责人会议上第一次明确指出：“人民通过选举、投票行使权利和人民内部各方面在重大决策之前进行充分协商，尽可能就共同性问题取得一致意见，是我国社会主义民主的两种重要形式。”胡锦涛同志在庆祝中国人民政治协商会议成立60周年大会上的重要讲话，进一步强调了选举和协商这两种民主形式。2005年中央颁布的《关于进一步加强中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度建设的意见》和2006年颁布的《关于加强人民政协工作的意见》，都对政治协商的内容、形式和程序作出明确规范。2011年中办下发的《中共政协全国委员会党组关于贯彻落实情况的报告》正式明确提出“协商民主”。

　　Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, the CPC has developed a system for extensive consultation with people from all corners of society in regard to major national policies and affairs. At a meeting of Party-member delegation heads during the National People’s Congress and the CPPCC in 1991, Jiang Zemin clearly stated for the first time that China’s socialist democracy is realized through two forms: one is that the people exercise their rights by participating in elections and casting their votes; and the other is that the people engage in extensive consultations before major decisions are made in order to reach consensus on general issues. In his speech marking the 60th anniversary of the CPPCC, Hu Jintao further emphasized the importance of elections and consultation as forms of democracy. The Opinions on Further Strengthening the Development of the System of Multi-Party Cooperation and Political Consultation Under the Leadership of the CPC, which was promulgated by the CPC Central Committee in 2005, and the Opinions on the Improvement of the CPPCC, which was issued in 2006, clearly defined the content, forms, and procedures of political consultations. In 2011, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued the Report of the Leading Party Members’ Group of the National Committee of the CPPCC on the Implementation of the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee on the Improvement of the CPPCC. This was the first time that the term “consultative democracy” was used in an official report.

　　目前，协商民主已经广泛渗透到国家政治社会生活中，呈现广泛、多层、制度化特点，并且在不断丰富和发展。主要有四个层面的协商。一是中国共产党作为执政党，坚持协商于决策之前和决策之中，就经济社会发展中的重大问题在党内外进行广泛协商。特别是加强同民主党派的协商。十六大以来，仅中共中央、国务院及委托有关部门召开的民主协商会、座谈会和情况通报会达197次，就事关国计民生的重大问题充分征求各民主党派、无党派人士的意见建议。二是国家政权机关的立法、决策协商。主要包括人民代表大会的立法协商和政府与社会的协商对话。近年来，越来越多的人大立法实行了开门立法，建立了立法论证听证制度，鼓励公众参与立法，收集立法信息，尽力使各方面的利益和要求都能得到体现和表达，制定出符合公众利益的法律、政策。《物权法》的诞生，就是人大立法践行协商民主的一个范例。随着政府决策民主进程的加快，在全国各地涌现了许多政府与社会协商对话的形式，其中，决策听证会较具代表性。人大立法协商和政府决策协商，是近年来我国协商民主实践的创造性发展。三是人民政协的政治协商。正如报告指出的，这是协商民主的重要渠道。经过60多年的发展，人民政协已形成了比较完备的制度体系、工作方法、实践模式和工作网络，有着深厚的历史基础，产生了广泛的社会影响，为我国协商民主的继续推进积累了宝贵经验。十届全国政协以来，围绕宪法修改、国家经济社会发展中长期规划、政府工作报告等，全国政协组织召开10次专题议政性常委会议、10次专题协商会，中央领导同志参加全体会议分组讨论与政协委员共商国是。四是基层民主协商。主要包括恳谈会、听证会、咨询会等多种形式。比如，浙江温岭市探索创建的“民主恳谈会”制度，从最初主要是农村思想工作载体，逐步转向以民主参与、民主决策、民主监督为核心的乡镇基层政府治理模式。目前全国不少地方都大力推进多种多样的民主协商实践，正在全社会形成一种重视协商、崇尚协商的民主氛围，有效地保障了人民群众的民主权利。

　　Consultative democracy has become a multi-tiered institution that can be found throughout political and social activities in China. Moreover, consultative democracy is constantly being enriched and developed. Consultations are mainly carried out on four different levels. First, being the governing party, the CPC is committed to conducting consultations before and during the course of making major policy decisions. With regard to major issues on economic and social development, the Party organizes consultations among Party members and non-Party members, and gives particular emphasis to consultations with all other political parties. Since the 16th National Congress of the CPC, the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, and entrusted departments have held a total of 197 democratic consultation meetings, seminars, and briefings in order to seek the opinions and advice of other political parties and public figures without party affiliation on major issues concerning the wellbeing of the country. Second, the departments of state power conduct consultations during the course of their law-making and decision-making activities. These consultations mainly comprise of consultations conducted by the people’s congresses on legislation and consultations between the government and the public. In recent years, people’s congresses have involved the general public in their legislative work in an increasing number of cases. For example, a system for the holding of public hearings before laws are passed have been established, which helps to encourage public participation in the legislative process, collect information with regard to legislation, represent and express the interests and demands of all sides, and formulate laws and policies that conform to the interests of the general public. The formulation of the Property Law represents a good example of the implementation of consultative democracy in the legislative activities of people’s congresses. As the trend of democratic involvement in the policy-making of the government gathers momentum, various models for consultations and talks between the government and the public have emerged, the most typical being public hearings on proposed policies. The holding of consultations with regard to the legislative activities of people’s congresses and the policy-making activities of the government represents an innovation that we have made in consultative democracy over recent years. Third, the CPPCC conducts political consultations. The report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC points out that the CPPCC serves as an important channel for consultative democracy. Following more than six decades of efforts, the CPPCC has managed to develop a fairly complete set of institutions, systems, working methods, practices, and networks for consultation. By drawing on its solid historical foundations, the CPPCC has exerted extensive social influence and gained valuable experience that has promoted the development of consultative democracy in China. Since the convening of the 10th CPPCC National Committee, the CPPCC has organized ten meetings of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC National Committee to discuss particular political issues, and ten consultative meetings to discuss particular topics. These meetings have covered the revision of the Constitution, national long-term and mid-term plans for economic and social development, and government reports. Moreover, the leaders of the Party and the central government have been present at the group discussions held during plenary sessions of the CPPCC to discuss state affairs with CPPCC members. Fourth, democratic consultation is also carried out at the community level by way of informal talks, hearings, and consultations. For instance, the city of Wenling in Zhejiang Province has developed a system for the holding of informal talks in communities. This system started out as a means of conducting ideological initiatives in rural areas, but gradually evolved into a model for governance in towns and townships that is based around democratic participation, democratic policy-making, and democratic supervision. At present, as local governments and departments around the country engage in major efforts to promote various forms of democratic consultation in practice, a democratic atmosphere in which consultations are valued and respected is taking shape throughout our society. This has effectively guaranteed that the democratic rights of the general public are safeguarded.

　　三、切实发挥社会主义协商民主的优势作用

　　III. Exerting the superiorities of socialist consultative democracy

　　健全社会主义协商民主制度，是十八大提出的明确要求，也是推进社会主义民主政治建设的重大课题。我们要按照十八大精神，牢牢把握中国特色社会主义政治发展道路这个根本方向，不断坚持完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，充分运用人民政协这个重要渠道，不断完善各种协商形式，扩大民主的范围，丰富民主的形式，提升民主的层次，推进协商民主广泛、多层、制度化发展。

　　The Party made a clear call for the improvement of socialist consultative democracy at its 18th National Congress. The improvement of socialist consultative democracy is a major aspect in the development of socialist democracy. In line with the guidelines set forth at the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we need to stick firmly to the socialist path of political advancement with Chinese characteristics and make constant efforts to develop the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. By effectively leveraging the functions of the CPPCC, we need to improve various forms of consultation, enlarge the scope of democracy, develop more forms of democracy, and increase the level of democracy, so as to promote the extensive and institutionalized development of consultative democracy on multiple levels.

　　一是完善协商制度，强化规范性。认真贯彻落实“把政治协商纳入决策程序，坚持协商于决策之前和决策之中”的规定，针对不同层次、不同领域的协商，进一步明确协商什么、与谁协商、怎样协商、协商成果如何运用等具体要求，不断提高协商民主的制度化水平。

　　First, we need to improve systems for consultative democracy and make consultations more standardized. In an effort to implement requirements on making political consultation a part of the policy-making process and conducting consultations both before and during the policy-making process, we need to clarify what matters require consultation, who we will consult with, how we will conduct consultations, and how the outcomes of consultations are to be applied for consultations on different levels and in different sectors. These efforts will help us to improve the institutions of consultative democracy on a constant basis.

　　二是丰富协商形式，扩大包容性。积极发挥人民政协的重要渠道作用，深入推进专题协商、对口协商、界别协商、提案办理协商，充分反映各党派团体、各族各界人士的意见建议。总结新中国成立、特别是改革开放以来的实践经验，丰富和完善党与民主党派、无党派人士的政治协商形式。适应广大人民群众民主意识不断增强的新形势，探索和创新在基层群众自治、社会管理等领域符合实际的民主协商方式。

　　Second, we need to develop more forms of consultation and make consultations more inclusive. Making active use of the CPPCC as an important channel, we need to further promote consultations on special issues with those who work on those issues, consultations on a sector-by-sector basis, and consultations on the handling of proposals, so as to fully reflect the opinions and suggestions of all political parties and organizations and people of all ethnic groups and from all sectors of society. By reviewing the experience we have gained in practice since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and especially since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, we need to enrich and improve our political consultations with all other political parties and public figures without party affiliation. In considering that the general public is becoming more conscious of democracy, we need to develop more practical forms of democratic consultation for self-governance at the community level and social management.

　　三是提升协商质量，增强实效性。党委和政府及有关部门要主动就重大问题开展协商，为搞好协商创造知情、反馈等有利条件，真正起到发扬民主、优化决策、推动执行的多重效果。要引导参与协商的各方面树立大局观念，提升自身素质，真正深入实际、认真思考，理性地表达诉求，负责任地提出建议。

　　Third, we need to improve the quality and the effectiveness of consultations. Party committees, governments, and related departments at all levels need to take the initiative in organizing consultations on major issues and create conditions for effective consultation by keeping the public informed and providing channels for feedback, so as to ensure that consultations are genuinely able to promote democracy, optimize policy decisions, and push forward the implementation of policies. In addition, we need to encourage all sides involved in consultations to give consideration to greater interests, engage in self-improvement, grasp actual conditions, and carefully consider issues, thereby ensuring that they are able to rationally express their claims and make responsible proposals.

　　同时，还要深入研究和推进选举民主与协商民主的协调配合，使两种民主形式更好地优势互补、形成合力，为人民当家作主提供更加广阔的平台。总之，我们要按照十八大的精神和部署，大力发展社会主义协商民主，把这一既顺应世界民主政治发展潮流又继承弘扬了中华民族优秀文化传统的民主形式建设好、利用好、完善好。

　　At the same time, we need to promote coordination between electoral democracy and consultative democracy. Allowing electoral democracy and consultative democracy to better supplement each other and form synergy will provide a wider platform for the people to act as the masters of their country. Taking the guidelines and plans set forth at the 18th National Congress of the CPC as our basis, we need to engage in a major effort to develop socialist consultative democracy. We need to develop, make good use of, and improve socialist consultative democracy as a form of democracy that not only conforms to the global trend of democracy, but also carries forward the fine traditions of the Chinese nation.

　　以上就是有关口译：贾庆林：健全社会主义协商民主制度(中英对照)的内容。更多口译备考资料、口译考试资讯的内容，尽在新东方在线口译网。

　　以上就是为大家整理的“2022年上海高级口译复习：健全社会主义协商民主制度”，希望大家能够更好的学习上海高级口译，取得理想的成绩。