你听说过心理学上的 “邓宁-克鲁格效应” 吗？它指一些人由于对自身能力和知识的局限性缺乏认知，因此会高估自己的水平，从而表现得过度自信。与之相反的情况则是 “智性谦逊”。它指一些人了解并承认自己在能力和知识上的局限性，因此可以更准确地判断自己的水平。本期 “随身英语” 讨论为什么我们应该了解自身能力的局限性。

词汇：awareness 认知，意识

Humans can be poor judges of their own ability. So, you might not be as good, or as bad, as you think you are. Psychologists have found the less expertise you have in something, the more likely you are to overestimate your competence in it. And in a digital era where self-assured social media influencers give you 'life hacks', and face-to-face conversation is more limited, this psychological phenomenon seems important to remember.

This concept is called the Dunning-Kruger effect, named after the psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. Back in the 90s, they found a correlation between a person's lack of skills and ability and a lack of awareness of lack of ability. They are ignorant to their own limitations. This plays out in various areas of life, such as in medical diagnosis. For example, Dunning told BBC Radio 4 that, one third of the time, doctors disagree with patients who self-diagnose using internet sources rather than seeing a medical professional. Whether it's judging jokes, logical reasoning, or grammar, the pattern is the same: the less skilled you are, the more over-confident you are.

On the flip side is intellectual humility. This means having a modest or low view of your importance or abilities. Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso, Professor of Psychology at Pepperdine University, found that a higher willingness to acknowledge cognitive limitations, and the ability to embrace diverse perspectives, is connected with a more accurate perception of intelligence.

How can we use this knowledge to help us in everyday life? Tenelle Porter, a psychologist at Rowan University, told the BBC that knowing this "opens us up to being intellectually humble, to admitting everything that we don't yet know". And current studies suggest that those with higher intellectual humility are more open to negotiating, compromising and exploring information.

So, embrace the unknown and remember, there's always more to learn.

词汇表

judge 评判者，裁判
expertise 专业知识
overestimate 高估
competence 能力
self-assured 自信的
phenomenon 现象
lack 缺乏
ignorant 无知的
limitation 局限
skilled 有技能的
over-confident 过度自信的，自负的
intellectual humility 智性谦逊，认识并承认自己能力的局限性
modest 谦逊的
willingness 意愿
perspective 观点，看待问题的角度
humble 谦虚的

测验与练习

1. 阅读课文并回答问题。

1. Who is most likely to overestimate their competence in something?

2. What correlation did Dunning and Kruger find?

3. Who do doctors disagree with one third of the time, and what do they disagree about?

4. What is intellectual humility?

5. True or false? People with high intellectual humility are more open to negotiating.

2. 选择意思恰当的单词或词组来完成下列句子。

1. Her _______ to accept feedback makes her a better candidate.

expertise awareness willingness ignorance

2. The visa is for professionals only. That's why it's called a _______ worker visa.

humble overconfident modest skilled

3. Watching the news can really put your own suffering into _______.

humility limitation perspective competence

4. This dish doesn't have much flavour. It's _______ salt, I think.

lacking judging correlating admitting

5. Paula isn't shy. In fact, she's the opposite – _______!

intellectual able accurate confident

答案

1. 阅读课文并回答问题。

1. Who is most likely to overestimate their competence in something?

Those with less expertise.

2. What correlation did Dunning and Kruger find?

They found a correlation between a person's lack of skills and ability and a lack of awareness of their lack of ability.

3. Who do doctors disagree with one third of the time, and what do they disagree about?

Dunning told BBC Radio 4 that, one third of the time, doctors disagree with patients who self-diagnose using internet sources rather than seeing a medical professional.

4. What is intellectual humility?

Having a modest or lower view of your importance or abilities.

5. True or false? People with high intellectual humility are more open to negotiating.

True. Current studies suggest that those with higher intellectual humility are more open to negotiating.

2. 选择意思恰当的单词或词组来完成下列句子。

1. Her willingness to accept feedback makes her a better candidate.

2. The visa is for professionals only. That's why it's called a skilled worker visa.

3. Watching the news can really put your own suffering into perspective.

4. This dish doesn't have much flavour. It's lacking salt, I think.

5. Paula isn't shy. In fact, she's the opposite – confident!