人们微笑的方式各不相同。当微笑源于真实情感时，人们眼部周围往往会出现自然的鱼尾纹，而且笑容不会突然消失。通过一些科学的判断，我们或许可以分辨出他人的微笑是否真诚。19 世纪的一位法国神经科学家向我们揭示了真实或虚假笑容背后的科学原理。了解这些知识，也许能够帮助你在日常生活或者社交场合中更好地识别出真诚的微笑，理解他人的想法。

词汇：smiles and emotion 笑容与情感

1 They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling?

2 There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions.

3 A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry.

4 Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something.

测验与练习

一、将标题和段落配对。

Paragraph 1 ________
Paragraph 2 ________
Paragraph 3 ________
Paragraph 4 ________

a. Different muscle groups
b. Why we can tell the difference
c. The power of humour
d. Different smiles in different situations
e. Signs of a real smile

二、根据文章内容选出正确的选项。

1. The author thinks management consultants' smiles are genuine.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

2. Look at paragraph 2. What does 'other' refer to in the following sentence? The other tightens the skin around your eyes.
a. a kind of smile
b. a set of muscles
c. a type of emotion

3. We usually have control over the muscles around our eyes.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

4. Fake smiles…
a. pull our cheeks up.
b. change quickly.
c. make the skin under our eyes look bigger.

5. We might have evolved to recognise genuine smiles so…
a. we can make situations less awkward.
b. we act politely.
c. we know who we can believe.

三、用下列单词完成对本文的总结。

1) ________ smiles are different to fake ones. Emotions 2) ________ the muscles around our eyes to contract. This can cause our 3) ________ to be pulled up and 4) ________ to appear in the corner of our eyes. These muscles are set off 5) ________ by our feelings.

crow's feet
trigger
cheeks
voluntarily
bulge
involuntarily
genuine

（答案见词汇表后）

词汇表

neurologist 神经学家
genuine 真诚的，真实的
trigger 触发，引发
pathway 路径，通道
set off 引发，触发
voluntarily 有意识地，自愿地
involuntarily 不由自主地
cheek 脸颊
bulge 鼓起，凸起
crow's feet 鱼尾纹
fade 消失，褪去
wrinkled 起皱纹的
forehead 前额，额头
evolve 进化
smooth over 缓和，调解

答案

一、将标题和段落配对。

Paragraph 1 d) Different smiles in different situations
Paragraph 2 a) Different muscle groups
Paragraph 3 e) Signs of a real smile
Paragraph 4 b) Why we can tell the difference

二、根据文章内容选出正确的选项。

1. b. False. The article talks about 'management consultants pretending that the bad news they’re giving you is actually good news'.

2. b. 'Other' refers back to the sentence 'Duchenne spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling'.

3. b. False. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these muscles, those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions.

4. b. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually.

5. c. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us.

三、用下列单词完成对本文的总结。

Genuine smiles are different to fake ones. Emotions trigger the muscles around our eyes to contract. This can cause our cheeks to be pulled up and crow's feet to appear in the corner of our eyes. These muscles are set off involuntarily by our feelings.