内容简介

在用现在完成时描述 “从过去开始持续到现在的动作” 时，对与其搭配的时间状语有哪些要求？为什么想要表达 “我昨晚看了一本书” 可以说 “I read a book last night” 而不能说 “I have read a book last night”？听节目，跟主持人步理和 Phil 学习如何用现在完成时搭配时间状语。

文字稿

（关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。）

Buli
大家好，欢迎收听 BBC 英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目。This is Question and Answer of the Week, where we answer your questions about the English language, culture and life. I'm Buli. Phil's here to help me answer a question about the present perfect tense. Hi Phil!

Phil
Hi Buli. Let's hear this week's question.

Question
我有一个关于现在完成时的问题。我记得它不能接时间标志词，或者也只能接 “for”、“since” 和 “so far”，那么下面这些句子为什么是正确的？“I have read books this year.” “I haven't received emails today.”

Buli
这个问题提到了现在完成时可以搭配哪些时间状语的问题。现在完成时通常用于谈论发生在过去但和现在有密切联系的事，它既可以搭配一个时间段，也可以搭配一个时间点。不过，正如这位听众在问题中提到的，在用现在完成时搭配时间点时通常需要同时搭配介词 “since” 或 “from” 等等来表达“从某个时间点开始至今”。而在本期节目中，我们就来结合一段对话来看看现在完成时搭配时间段时的要点。

Phil
Buli, I'm so busy today!

Buli
Oh, why's that?

Phil
I've had four meetings, and it isn't even lunch time. This morning has been crazy.

Buli
You've been busy all week, haven't you?

Phil
I've had two really tricky days. Yesterday was a nightmare. I had to prepare four different presentations! It's funny because last week was easy, but now this month has really got stressful.

Buli
Have you had any coffee yet? That might help.

Phil
No. I haven't even had time to sit at my desk since I got in!

Buli
You know, I've had a really relaxing day so far…

Phil
Looks like you've been lucky!

Buli
你正在收听的是 BBC 英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目。刚刚我和 Phil 在对话中使用现在完成时的时候搭配了多种不同的时间状语。

Phil
One important thing about this conversation that you might have noticed, was that it was happening before lunchtime.

Buli
And knowing that helps – it means that we know that 'this morning' is an unfinished time period. That's also true for 'today', and 'this month'. More things can happen in these time frames. 首先我们可以注意到，因为这段对话听上去发生在午饭时间之前，所以诸如 “this morning（今天上午）” 和 “today（今天）” 等等都是持续到现在且尚未结束的时间段。在使用现在完成时搭配一个时间段时，通常需要使用尚未结束的时间段。

Phil
And you will have heard that we had the present perfect in those sentences. Let's listen again.

Examples
You've been busy all week, haven't you?
（你这周一直都很忙，对吧？）

This morning has been crazy.
（今天上午太疯狂了。）

Last week was easy, but now this month has really got stressful.
（上周很轻松，但这个月真的变得压力非常大。）

Buli
在上面的句子中都包含时间状语。不过在对话中，时间信息还可能出现在其它句子中，比如接下来的这两段对话。

Examples
You've been busy all week, haven't you?
（你这周一直都很忙，对吧？）
I've had two really tricky days.
（我这周有两天过得特别难。）

Have you had any coffee yet?
（你喝咖啡了吗？）
No, I haven't even had time to sit at my desk since I got in.
（没有，我从上班开始到现在还没空坐到我的工位上呢。）

Buli
在上面的两段对话中，“all week（这一整周）” 和 “since I got in（从我来上班开始）” 都没有出现在对话中另一个人的句子里。不过它们同样限定了另一个人所说的事情发生的时间段，因此另一个人也使用了现在完成时。

Phil
Sometimes we don't say the time at all, but it's obvious from the context that we're talking about an unfinished period of time. Like in this example.

Example
Looks like you've been lucky!
（看来你最近还挺幸运的！）

Buli
在刚才这个例句中，虽然没有明确指出，但说话者的意思明显是 “最近一段时间内，直到现在你都很幸运”，因此这段话也使用了现在完成时。需要牢记的是，我们在使用现在完成时搭配一个时间段谈论 “从过去持续到现在的动作”、“当下尚未结束的一段时间” 和 “发生在过去、但对现在有影响的动作或事情” 时，通常需要搭配一个持续到现在的时间段。

而如果我们谈论的是在一个已经结束的时间段中发生的事，那么就不能搭配现在完成时，而通常需要搭配一般过去时或过去完成时等时态。

Phil
There were some examples of finished time – 'yesterday' and 'last week'.

Examples
Yesterday was a nightmare. I had to prepare four different presentations!
（昨天一整天就像一场噩梦。我准备了四个不同的演示报告！）

It's funny because last week was easy.
（这有些滑稽，因为上周可轻松了。）

Phil
OK. That's it for this week. Remember, if you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk

Buli
你还可以通过微博向我们提问。我们的微博账号是 “BBC英语教学”。Bye!

Phil
Bye!