US Aims to Increase Battery Production

2023-11-23 14:34:16来源:网络

US Aims to Increase Battery Production

美国旨在增加电池生产

原文听力

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  By Bryan Lynn

  22 November 2023

  Indian scientists plan to add substances to clouds above the capital New Delhi in an effort to produce rain to reduce pollution.

  The method to artificially produce rain is called cloud seeding. The process involves adding different chemicals to clouds to cause rain. When rain falls from the sky, water droplets can attach to pollution particles and bring them down to the ground.

  New Delhi has been rated the city with the most air pollution in the world. Reports say the problem has worsened across the city in recent weeks.

  Air quality decreases in the city ahead of winter each year. During this time, cold air can trap many pollutants, including gases from vehicles, industry, building projects and agricultural burning.

  Scientists expect some clouds over the city around November 20. They hope the clouds will result in heavy rainfall – when sprayed with a salt mixture.

  The project is being led by Manindra Agrawal, a scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology in the central city of Kanpur. He told Reuters news agency the salt mixture will include silver iodine to help produce rain. It is to be sprayed on clouds over a 100 square kilometer area. Agrawal said the project will cost about $120,000.

  The local government in New Delhi, a city of 20 million people, has already closed schools, stopped building activities, and said it will place restrictions on vehicle use to control pollution.

  The air quality index in the city was 506 on November 9. This level is considered "hazardous" by IQAir, a Swiss company that describes itself as an "air quality solutions" business.

  Gufran Beig is head of the Indian government's air-quality measuring agency SAFAR. He told Reuters the city needs heavy and widespread rain to wash away the pollutants. Beig added that light rain could worsen the situation.

  The SAFAR head said current airflow is carrying smoke from crop burning in the states of Punjab and Haryana to Delhi. This smoke adds to the city's existing pollution sources. "So, unless a huge pressure is established by intense rain, this chain of transport from Punjab to Delhi will not be broken," Beig said.

  About 38 percent of pollution in the capital has been caused by stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, a recent government statement said. Farmers carry out stubble burning to clear material left behind from rice harvests so they can plant other crops. Indian officials directed leaders in both states to "take effective actions" to identify and limit stubble burning, the statement added.

  Officials in New Delhi are seeking approval for the project from the Supreme Court, Reuters reported.

  Several countries have used cloud seeding in an effort to produce rain, improve air quality and water crops in times of extreme dryness. These include Mexico, the United States, China, Indonesia and Malaysia.

  I'm Bryan Lynn.

  Reuters reported this story. Bryan Lynn adapted the report for VOA Learning English.

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  作者:John Russell

  日期:2023年11月22日

  美国能源部(DOE)正在努力提高该国的电池生产。

  能源部最近宣布将为生产电池及其重要矿物的公司提供35亿美元的资助。

  官员们认为电池是重要的气候解决方案。这些设备可以为汽车提供动力,并储存来自太阳能板或风力涡轮机的清洁电力。

  这个想法是为了减少汽车和电厂对化石燃料的使用。

  锂离子电池目前是电动汽车和清洁电力储存的首选电池。能源部希望加强供应。该机构估计到2030年,锂电池的需求将增加10倍。

  乔·拜登总统的政府设定了一个目标,即到2050年将导致气候变化的污染降至零。它还希望到2030年,电动汽车将占所有新车销售的一半。

  一些官员、行业专家和其他人担心电池材料的供应无法跟上需求。还有人担心这个行业在亚洲的比例过大。

  德克萨斯A&M大学的Jodie Lutkenhaus表示,她正在密切关注美国的电池生产和制造。她说:“我担心我们可能无法赶上,最终会陷入我们现在半导体行业的情况。”疫情关闭和暂停使亚洲的制造业放缓。结果导致了微芯片短缺,影响了汽车和电子产品的供应。

  Lutkenhaus说:“如果我们不多样化电池的制造地和材料的来源地,同样的事情可能会发生在电池上。”她说,美国必须参与电池的生产和制造,以避免未来可能出现的全球短缺。

  一项名为“两党基础设施法案”的措施为电池制造提供了总计60亿美元的融资,包括用于制造电池所需材料的加工。

  到目前为止,有15个项目正在接受这种援助。它们包括开采用于锂电池的石墨和镍等矿物的公司。稍后,合同将转交给其他公司,包括金融和化学企业。

  这是它的工作原理:一家公司可能想要建立一个工厂来制造电动汽车的特殊材料。它估计建设设施的成本,并承诺承担一半的成本。如果该公司被选为该计划的一部分,政府的付款将覆盖另一半的成本。

  主要的锂生产商Albemarle获得了在北卡罗来纳州Kings Mountain建立工厂的融资。该工厂处理来自全球的矿石中的锂。该公司表示,除了电动汽车外,锂的需求还来自医疗设备和智能手机等电子产品。Albemarle在一封电子邮件中表示,如果没有能源部的财政支持,该项目“可能会按照不同的时间表进行”。

  乔治亚理工学院的Matthew McDowell表示,这项法律在过去三年改变了美国的电池制造业。他说,他对新的清洁能源储存电池感到兴奋,包括固态电池,它可能比锂离子电池能够储存更多的能量。

  哥伦比亚大学全球能源政策中心的Tom Moerenhout表示,到2030年预计的电池需求,增加全球矿物供应将是困难的。他说:“这是相当大的”,并指出新的矿山平均需要16年才能开始商业生产。

  但是,随着锂的价格上涨,Moerenhout说,不同类型的电池变得更有趣。他希望看到钠离子电池的增加,以帮助电网。“潜力相当大”,他说,因为它们既安全又不昂贵。

  公司可以在3月中旬之前正式申请融资。

  我是John Russell。

  这个故事是由Isabella O'Malley为美联社报道的,John Russell为VOA学习英语进行了改编。

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  这个故事中的词汇

  battery – n. 放置在机器内部供应电力的设备

  panel – n. 平面

  turbine – n.由风力驱动叶片旋转的引擎

  fossil fuel -- n. 如煤、石油或天然气等燃料

  semiconductor – n. 允许一部分电流通过,并特别用于电子设备的物体


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