How to Grow Mushrooms Indoors

How to Grow Mushrooms Indoors

如何在室内种植蘑菇

【原文听力】

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　By Anna Matteo

　　10 December 2023

　　Mushrooms are not only tasty. They are also filled with healthy nutrients, like calcium and potassium, and vitamins, like D and B.

　　Some people not only enjoy eating mushrooms. They also like to collect them in the wild. But that is not for everyone. While some people are knowledgeable enough to collect mushrooms in the woods and eat them, many people are not. Eating the wrong mushroom can make you sick or even ... dead.

　　Therefore, buying them is the easier and safer choice. However, there is another one: You can grow mushrooms yourself inside your own home.

　　In a recent article for The Associated Press, plant expert Jessica Damiano explains there are two ways to do this. You can buy a set of materials from a garden store called a "grow kit" or you can put them together yourself.

　　Grow kits

　　Grow kits are a great way for beginners to try growing mushrooms. These grow kits include partly-grown mushroom starters, called "spawn." The spawn is set in soil and is contained in its own grow box. You put the spawn in water overnight. Then you return it to the box and open it to fresh air. Spray it with water two times a day.

　　Within two or three weeks, you will be eating mushrooms with more on the way. Damiano says it is a fun, easy activity. And people will likely ask you about it.

　　Putting them together yourself

　　If you are more serious about growing mushrooms and want a larger harvest, Damiano says it costs less to put the materials together yourself. It is easy, she says.

　　For starters, you will need a wooden, metal, or plastic box or container. It needs to be about 15 centimeters deep and large enough to hold your harvest.

　　You will also need a growing substance -- soil mixed with compost and other materials. The materials depend on the mushrooms. White button mushrooms grow better in a half-and-half mix of compost and well-rotted manure. Oyster mushrooms do well in oat or wheat straw. Shiitakes, another kind of mushroom, like sawdust.

　　Finally, you will need fungal spores: Think of them as seeds. You can purchase these online or at specialty stores.

　　Clean your hands well. Avoid bringing bacteria, mold, or non-mushroom fungi into the box. Fill the box with your growing substance (soil and materials) leaving about 25 millimeters at the top. Put the spores evenly over the soil substance and gently wet it. Spray it with water twice daily. Keep it wet but not too wet.

　　To grow quickly and effectively, the spore-topped soil material should be kept away from direct sunlight. It should be kept at or close to 21 degrees Celsius. If you cannot keep a room in your home at that temperature, set the box or tray on a heating pad set to 21 degrees but no higher (warmer temperatures can kill the spores). A soil thermometer can help make sure the soil does not get too warm.

　　Put a piece of cloth lightly over the top of the box to keep moisture in. But do not seal it tightly.

　　Soon, a white coating will form on the surface of the soil. That is mycelium, a network of fungal threads from which your mushrooms will grow.

　　When the soil is completely coated with mycelium, top it off with a bit more of the soil mixture. Remove any heating elements. And move the tray to a cooler spot – 12 to 15 degrees Celsius.

　　Mushrooms usually grow, or "fruit," within a week or two. They nearly double in size daily until they are finished growing. Depending on the kind of mushroom, they will be ready to harvest, with their tops fully open. That will be in roughly three to four weeks. Use a sharp, clean knife to cut them at soil level to avoid disrupting nearby growth.

　　I'm Anna Matteo.

　　Jessica Damiano reported this story for the Associated Press. Anna Matteo adapted it for VOA Learning English.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　作者：Anna Matteo

　　日期：2023年12月10日

　　蘑菇不仅美味，还富含健康营养素，如钙和钾，以及维生素D和B。

　　有些人不仅喜欢吃蘑菇，还喜欢在野外采集它们。但这并不适合每个人。虽然有些人对野外的蘑菇有足够的了解，可以采集并食用，但很多人并不具备这种知识。食用错误的蘑菇可能会让你生病，甚至……死亡。

　　因此，购买蘑菇是更简单、更安全的选择。然而，还有另一个选择：你可以在自己的家里自己种植蘑菇。

　　在最近为美联社撰写的一篇文章中，植物专家Jessica Damiano解释了两种方法。你可以从园艺店购买一套名为"种植套装"的材料，或者你可以自己准备。

　　种植套装

　　种植套装是初学者尝试种植蘑菇的好方法。这些种植套装包括部分生长的蘑菇种子，称为"菌种"。菌种被放置在土壤中，并被放在自己的种植盒中。你将菌种放在水中过夜。然后你将它放回盒子中，并向它开放新鲜空气。每天喷水两次。

　　在两到三周内，你将会吃到蘑菇，而且还会有更多的蘑菇。Damiano说这是一项有趣、简单的活动。人们可能会向你询问。

　　自己动手

　　如果你对种植蘑菇更加认真，并希望收获更多，Damiano说自己准备材料的成本更低。她说这很简单。

　　首先，你需要一个木制、金属或塑料的盒子或容器。它需要深约15厘米，且足够大以容纳你的收获。

　　你还需要一种生长物质——与堆肥和其他材料混合的土壤。这些材料取决于蘑菇的种类。白色蘑菇在堆肥和腐熟的粪肥的一半一半的混合物中生长得更好。牡蛎菇在燕麦或小麦秸秆中生长得很好。而另一种蘑菇，香菇，喜欢锯末。

　　最后，你需要真菌孢子：把它们想象成种子。你可以在网上或专门店铺购买这些。

　　要彻底清洁你的手。避免将细菌、霉菌或非蘑菇真菌带入盒子。用你的生长物质（土壤和材料）填满盒子，顶部留出约25毫米。将孢子均匀地撒在土壤物质上，然后轻轻湿润它。每天喷水两次。保持湿润但不要过于湿润。

　　为了快速有效地生长，撒有孢子的土壤物质应远离直接阳光。它应保持在21摄氏度或接近21摄氏度。如果你不能保持家里的一个房间在这个温度，就把盒子或托盘放在设定为21度的加热垫上，但不要超过这个温度（更高的温度可能会杀死孢子）。土壤温度计可以帮助确保土壤不会过热。

　　在盒子的顶部轻轻地放一块布，以保持湿气。但不要密封。

　　很快，土壤表面会形成一层白色的涂层。那就是菌丝体，你的蘑菇将从这个由真菌线组成的网络中生长出来。

　　当土壤完全被菌丝体覆盖时，再在顶部撒一些土壤混合物。移除任何加热元素。并将托盘移至更凉爽的地方——12到15摄氏度。

　　蘑菇通常在一到两周内生长或"结果"。在它们完成生长之前，它们的大小每天几乎会翻倍。根据蘑菇的种类，它们的顶部完全展开时就可以收获了。这大约需要三到四周的时间。使用一把锐利、干净的刀在土壤层面切割它们，以避免干扰附近的生长。

　　我是Anna Matteo。

　　Jessica Damiano为美联社报道了这个故事。Anna Matteo为美国之音学习英语改编了它。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　本故事中的词汇

　　spray – v. 轻轻地散布或涂抹，

　　well-rotted – v.由于真菌或细菌的作用而高度腐烂，

　　manure – n. 鸟类和动物在马厩和谷仓中的体内废物，有或没有废物，

　　fungal – adj.与真菌有关的，或具有真菌特性的，

　　spores – n.通常是单细胞的原始生物，通常能抵抗环境，由植物、真菌和一些微生物产生的休眠或繁殖体，能够直接或与另一个孢子融合后发展成新的个体，

　　mold – n.由真菌在潮湿或腐烂的有机物质或生物体上产生的表面性的通常呈羊毛状的生长，

　　pad – n. 薄薄的平坦的垫子或垫，

　　moisture – n. 分散或凝结的少量液体。