政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国的生物多样性保护》

　　4. Improving the Eco-environment

　　加大生态保护修复力度，提升生态系统质量和稳定性，对维护国家生态安全具有基础性、战略性作用。中国实施系列生态保护修复工程，不断加大生态修复力度，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护和系统治理，生态恶化趋势基本得到遏制，自然生态系统总体稳定向好，服务功能逐步增强;坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战，极大缓解了生物多样性保护压力，生态环境质量持续改善，国家生态安全屏障骨架基本构筑。

　　Improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. China has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. As a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. China has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed.

　　实施系列生态保护修复工程。以恢复退化生态系统、增强生态系统稳定性和提升生态系统质量为目标，持续开展多项生态保护修复工程，有效改善和恢复了重点区域野生动植物生境。稳步实施天然林保护修复、京津风沙源治理工程、石漠化综合治理、三北防护林工程等重点防护林体系建设、退耕还林还草、退牧还草以及河湖与湿地保护修复、红树林与滨海湿地保护修复等一批重大生态保护与修复工程，实施25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点，启动10个山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程。制定实施《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021-2035年)》，确定了新时代“三区四带”生态保护修复总体布局。中国森林面积和森林蓄积连续30年保持“双增长”，成为全球森林资源增长最多的国家，荒漠化、沙化土地面积连续3个监测期实现了“双缩减”，草原综合植被盖度达到56.1%，草原生态状况持续向好。2016-2020年期间，累计整治修复岸线1200公里，滨海湿地2.3万公顷。2000-2017年全球新增的绿化面积中，约25%来自中国，贡献比例居世界首位。

　　Implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. To restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, China has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions.

　　China has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in Beijing and Tianjin, stony desertification control, the Three-North (i.e., Northeast China, North China and Northwest China) Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.

　　China has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.

　　China has enacted the Master Plan on Major Projects for the Conservation and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, Yellow River Eco-zone, Yangtze River Eco-zone, Northeast Shelterbelt, North Shelterbelt, South Shelterbelt, and Coastal Shelterbelt.

　　Through the above actions, China has achieved the following:

　　China’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and China has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world.

　　China’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. Its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve.

　　Between 2016 and 2020, China restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands.

　　Between 2000 and 2017, China contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries.

　　坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战。良好的环境质量是保护生物多样性的基础条件，也是生物多样性保护的应有之义。中国坚决向污染宣战，打响蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，污染防治力度不断加大，取得显著成效。2020年，全国细颗粒物(PM2.5)平均浓度为33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，优良天数比例比2015年上升5.8个百分点;全国地表水国控断面水质优良(Ⅰ～Ⅲ类)和丧失使用功能(劣Ⅴ类)水体比例分别为83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分别提高17.4个百分点和降低9.1个百分点;全国近岸海域优良水质(一、二类)面积比例为77.4%，较2015年上升9个百分点;全国受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地块安全利用率均超过90%。生态环境质量改善优化了物种生境，恢复了各类生态系统功能，有效缓解了生物多样性丧失压力。

　　Tightening pollution control. Good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. China has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. Through an increasing effort to combat pollution, China has achieved the following:

　　In 2020, China’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (PM2.5) was 33 μg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015.

　　In 2020, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grades I, II and III was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015.

　　In 2020, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching Grades I and II was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015.

　　In 2020, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent.

　　A better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss.

　　(五)协同推进绿色发展

　　5. Promoting Green Development with Coordinated Efforts

　　在经济社会发展过程中，中国注重以自然承载力为基础，加快转变经济发展方式，倡导绿色低碳生活，协同推进高水平生物多样性保护和高质量发展。

　　China endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. Measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.

　　加快行业产业绿色转型。贯彻新发展理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型，促进经济发展与生态环境保护相协调，减少对生物多样性的压力。加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，优化产业结构，提高资源利用效率和清洁生产水平，提升绿色产业比重，加快一二三产业和基础设施绿色转型和升级。鼓励发展生态种植、生态养殖和可持续经营，加强生物资源养护，制定可持续生产标准指南，加强绿色食品、有机农产品、森林生态标志产品、可持续水产品等绿色产品认证，发挥科技创新作用，强化农业、林业、渔业、畜牧业等领域的生物多样性保护与可持续利用。实施特许猎捕证制度、采集证制度、驯养繁殖许可证制度等重点野生动植物利用管理制度，鼓励保护和可持续利用优良生物资源。

　　Accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. Upholding the new development philosophy, China pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. Efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity.

　　China is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure.

　　China encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. It has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. It has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. China is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry.

　　China has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources.

　　推进城乡建设绿色发展进程。以生物多样性保护为前提，积极探索生物多样性保护与乡村振兴协同推进，培育优势资源、发展生态产业，推动城市、乡村绿色高质量发展，建设人与自然和谐相处、共生共荣的美丽家园。在乡村振兴过程中充分考虑生态环境因素，以促进农村进步、实现农民富裕为目标，持续加大生物资源的保护力度，助推可持续发展。持续开展国家生态文明建设示范区、国家环境保护模范城市、国家生态园林城市、国家园林城市等建设，着力推动城市生物多样性保护，城市生态空间格局持续优化，城市生态系统质量稳步提升，人民群众的生态环境获得感、幸福感和安全感不断增强。倡导并培育绿色消费、绿色出行、绿色居住等绿色低碳生活方式，减少自然资源消耗。

　　Promoting green urban and rural development. China is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. It has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

　　China takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. With an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development.

　　China is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. The aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment.

　　China has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources.

　　探索生态产品价值实现路径。贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，推动生态产品价值实现和保值增值，培育经济高质量发展新动能。建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，着力构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系。在长江流域和三江源国家公园等开展生态产品价值实现机制试点，推进“绿水青山就是金山银山”实践创新基地建设，探索政府主导、企业和社会各界参与、市场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值实现路径，推动将自然生态优势转化为经济社会高质量发展优势，激发生物多样性保护内生动力。

　　Realizing the market value of green products. Practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development.

　　China has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”.

　　China has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan National Park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. Efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. The aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity.

　　三、提升生物多样性治理能力

　　III. Improving Biodiversity Governance

　　中国将生物多样性保护上升为国家战略，把生物多样性保护纳入各地区、各领域中长期规划，完善政策法规体系，加强技术保障和人才队伍建设，加大执法监督力度，引导公众自觉参与生物多样性保护，不断提升生物多样性治理能力。

　　Biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. There has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance.

　　(一)完善政策法规

　　1. Improving Relevant Policies, Laws and Regulations

　　中国不断建立健全生物多样性保护政策法规体系，制定相应的中长期规划和行动计划，为生物多样性保护和管理提供制度保障。

　　China is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management.

　　强化组织领导。成立由分管生态环境保护的国务院副总理任主任、23个国务院部门为成员的中国生物多样性保护国家委员会，统筹推进生物多样性保护工作。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》明确将实施生物多样性保护重大工程、构筑生物多样性保护网络作为提升生态系统质量和稳定性的重要工作内容。发布并实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》(2011-2030年)，从建立健全生物多样性保护与可持续利用的政策与法律体系等10个优先领域，以及完善跨部门协调机制等30个行动方面对加强生物多样性保护进行有力指导。北京、江苏、云南等22个省、自治区、直辖市制定了省级生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。建立生态文明建设考核目标体系，将生物多样性保护相关指标纳入地方考核，压实生物多样性保护责任。

　　Strengthening organization and leadership. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. It is composed of 23 departments under the State Council, and headed by a Vice Premier who is in charge of environmental protection. To strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network.

　　The China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. Beijing, Jiangsu, Yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly.

　　China has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation.

　　加强生物多样性法制建设。近10年来，颁布和修订森林法、草原法、渔业法、野生动物保护法、环境保护法、海洋环境保护法、种子法、长江保护法和生物安全法等20多部生物多样性相关的法律法规，覆盖野生动植物和重要生态系统保护、生物安全、生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享等领域，为生物多样性保护与可持续利用提供了坚实的法律保障。修订调整国家重点保护野生动植物名录，为拯救珍稀濒危野生动植物，维护生物多样性奠定基础。2020年，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。各省(自治区、直辖市)结合当地实际颁布了相关法律法规，云南省制定了全国第一部生物多样性保护的地方性法规《云南省生物多样性保护条例》。

　　Strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. Over the past decade, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the Yangtze River, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources.

　　China has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. In 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted at its 16th session the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People.

　　Different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. Yunnan Province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country.

　　(二)强化能力保障

　　2. Extending Guarantees

　　组织开展全国生物多样性调查，建立完善生物多样性监测观测网络，不断加大资金投入和科技研发力度，生物多样性保护和治理能力全面提升。

　　China has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. It has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance.

　　开展全国生物多样性调查与评估。大力推进生物多样性保护重大工程实施，结合自然资源调查、生态系统监测评估等工作，不断完善生物多样性调查与评估能力，首次将生物多样性指标纳入生态质量综合评价指标体系，引导地方加强生态文明建设与生物多样性保护。开展自然资源调查，包括森林、草原、水、湿地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然资源调查评价监测制度。构建了涵盖2376个县级行政单元、样线总长超过3.4万公里的物种分布数据库，建立物种资源调查及收集信息平台，准确反映野生动植物空间分布状况。完成长江经济带、京津冀等国家战略区域180多个县级行政区生物多样性调查与评估。组织开展近海渔业资源调查，初步掌握近海渔业资源状况。陆续发布《中国植物红皮书》《中国濒危动物红皮书》《中国物种红色名录》《中国生物多样性红色名录》，基本掌握生物多样性总体情况，为加强生物多样性保护奠定了科学基础。

　　Conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. To improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, China has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. It has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. A system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out.

　　China has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. An information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife.

　　China has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and some other national strategic areas. Offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources.

　　China has released the China Red Data Book of Plants, China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, China Species Red List, and China’s Red List of Biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation.

　　完善监测观测网络。中国建立起各类生态系统、物种的监测观测网络，在生物多样性理论研究、技术示范与推广以及物种与生境保护方面发挥了重要作用，为科研、教育、科普、生产等各领域提供了多样化的信息服务与决策支持。其中，中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)、国家陆地生态系统定位观测研究网络(CTERN)涵盖所有生态系统和要素，中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Sino BON)覆盖动物、植物、微生物等多种生物类群，中国生物多样性观测网络(China BON)构建了覆盖全国的指示物种类群观测样区。

　　Improving monitoring