政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国的中医药》

　　政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国的中医药》

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　　中国的中医药

　　Traditional Chinese Medicine in China

　　中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

　　The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

　　2016年12月

　　December 2016

　　目录

　　Contents

　　前言

　　Preface

　　一、中医药的历史发展

　　I. The Historical Development of TCM

　　二、中国发展中医药的政策措施

　　II. Policies and Measures on TCM Development

　　三、中医药的传承与发展

　　III. Carrying Forward the Tradition and Ensuring the Development of TCM

　　四、中医药国际交流与合作

　　IV. International Exchanges and Cooperation in TCM

　　结束语

　　Conclusion

　　前言

　　Preface

　　人类在漫长发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的世界文明，中华文明是世界文明多样性、多元化的重要组成部分。中医药作为中华文明的杰出代表，是中国各族人民在几千年生产生活实践和与疾病作斗争中逐步形成并不断丰富发展的医学科学，不仅为中华民族繁衍昌盛作出了卓越贡献，也对世界文明进步产生了积极影响。

　　Humanity has created a colorful global civilization in the long course of its development, and the civilization of China is an important component of the world civilization harboring great diversity. As a representative feature of Chinese civilization, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a medical science that was formed and developed in the daily life of the people and in the process of their fight against diseases over thousands of years. It has made a great contribution to the nation’s procreation and the country’s prosperity, in addition to producing a positive impact on the progress of human civilization.

　　中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放，形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学与人文科学的融合和统一，蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。随着人们健康观念变化和医学模式转变，中医药越来越显示出独特价值。

　　TCM has created unique views on life, on fitness, on diseases and on the prevention and treatment of diseases during its long history of absorption and innovation. It represents a combination of natural sciences and humanities, embracing profound philosophical ideas of the Chinese nation. As ideas on fitness and medical models change and evolve, traditional Chinese medicine has come to underline a more and more profound value.

　　新中国成立以来，中国高度重视和大力支持中医药发展。中医药与西医药优势互补，相互促进，共同维护和增进民众健康，已经成为中国特色医药卫生与健康事业的重要特征和显著优势。

　　Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government has set great store by TCM and rendered vigorous support to its development. TCM and Western medicine have their different strengths. They work together in China to protect people from diseases and improve public health. This has turned out to be one of the important features and notable strengths of medicine with Chinese characteristics.

　　一、中医药的历史发展

　　I. The Historical Development of TCM

　　1、中医药历史发展脉络

　　1. History of TCM

　　在远古时代，中华民族的祖先发现了一些动植物可以解除病痛，积累了一些用药知识。随着人类的进化，开始有目的地寻找防治疾病的药物和方法，所谓“神农尝百草”、“药食同源”，就是当时的真实写照。夏代(约前2070—前1600)酒和商代(前1600—前1046)汤液的发明，为提高用药效果提供了帮助。进入西周时期(前1046—前771)，开始有了食医、疾医、疡医、兽医的分工。春秋战国(前770—前221)时期，扁鹊总结前人经验，提出“望、闻、问、切”四诊合参的方法，奠定了中医临床诊断和治疗的基础。秦汉时期(前221—公元220)的中医典籍《黄帝内经》，系统论述了人的生理、病理、疾病以及“治未病”和疾病治疗的原则及方法，确立了中医学的思维模式，标志着从单纯的临床经验积累发展到了系统理论总结阶段，形成了中医药理论体系框架。东汉时期，张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》，提出了外感热病(包括温疫等传染病)的诊治原则和方法，论述了内伤杂病的病因、病证、诊法、治疗、预防等辨证规律和原则，确立了辨证论治的理论和方法体系。同时期的《神农本草经》，概括论述了君臣佐使、七情合和、四气五味等药物配伍和药性理论，对于合理处方、安全用药、提高疗效具有十分重要的指导作用，为中药学理论体系的形成与发展奠定了基础。东汉末年，华佗创制了麻醉剂“麻沸散”，开创了麻醉药用于外科手术的先河。西晋时期(265—317)，皇甫谧的《针灸甲乙经》，系统论述了有关脏腑、经络等理论，初步形成了经络、针灸理论。唐代(618—907)，孙思邈提出的“大医精诚”，体现了中医对医道精微、心怀至诚、言行诚谨的追求，是中华民族高尚的道德情操和卓越的文明智慧在中医药中的集中体现，是中医药文化的核心价值理念。明代(1368—1644)，李时珍的《本草纲目》，在世界上首次对药用植物进行了科学分类，创新发展了中药学的理论和实践，是一部药物学和博物学巨著。清代(1644—1911)，叶天士的《温热论》，提出了温病和时疫的防治原则及方法，形成了中医药防治温疫(传染病)的理论和实践体系。清代中期以来，特别是民国时期，随着西方医学的传入，一些学者开始探索中西医药学汇通、融合。

　　In remote antiquity, the ancestors of the Chinese nation chanced to find that some creatures and plants could serve as remedies for certain ailments and pains, and came to gradually master their application. As time went by, people began to actively seek out such remedies and methods for preventing and treating diseases. Sayings like “Shennong (Celestial Farmer) tasting a hundred herbs” and “food and medicine coming from the same source” are characteristic of those years.

　　The discovery of alcohol in the Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BC) and the invention of herbal decoction in the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) rendered medicines more effective.

　　In the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC), doctors began to be classified into four categories – dietician, physician, doctor of decoctions and veterinarian.

　　During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period (770-221 BC), Bian Que drew on the experience of his predecessors and put forward the four diagnostic methods - inspection, auscultation & olfaction, inquiry, and palpation, laying the foundation for TCM diagnosis and treatment.

　　The Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon) compiled during the Qin and Han times (221 BC-AD 220) offered systematic discourses on human physiology, on pathology, on the symptoms of illness, on preventative treatment, and on the principles and methods of treatment. This book defined the framework of TCM, thus serving as a landmark in TCM’s development and symbolizing the transformation from the accumulation of clinical experience to the systematic summation of theories. A theoretical framework for TCM had been in place.

　　The Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Illnesses) collated by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) advanced the principles and methods to treat febrile diseases due to exogenous factors (including pestilences). It expounds on the rules and principles of differentiating the patterns of miscellaneous illnesses caused by internal ailments, including their prevention, pathology, symptoms, therapies, and treatment. It establishes the theory and methodology for syndrome pattern diagnosis and treatment differentiation. The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica) – another masterpiece of medical literature appeared during this period – outlines the theory of the compatibility of medicinal ingredients. For example, it holds that a prescription should include at the same time the jun (or sovereign), chen (or minister), zuo (or assistant) and shi (or messenger) ingredient drugs, and should give expression to the harmony of the seven emotions as well as the properties of drugs known as “four natures” and “five flavors.” All this provides guidance to the production of TCM prescriptions, safe application of TCM drugs and enhancement of the therapeutic effects, thus laying the foundation for the formation and development of TCM pharmaceutical theory. In the late years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo (c. 140-208) was recorded to be the first person to use anesthetic (mafeisan) during surgery.

　　The Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huangfu Mi during the Western Jin time (265-316) expounded on the concepts of zangfu (internal organs) and jingluo (meridians and collaterals). This was the point when theory of jingluo and acupuncture & moxibustion began to take shape.

　　Sun Simiao, a great doctor of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), proposed that mastership of medicine lies in proficient medical skills and lofty medical ethics, which eventually became the embodiment of a moral value of the Chinese nation, a core value that has been conscientiously upheld by the TCM circles.

　　A herbology and nature masterpiece, the Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica) compiled by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was the first book in the world that scientifically categorized medicinal herbs. It was a pioneering work that advanced TCM pharmaceutical theory.

　　The Wen Re Lun (A Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases) by Ye Tianshi during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) developed the principles and methods for prevention and treatment of pestilential febrile diseases. It represents the theory and results of the practice of TCM in preventing and treating such diseases.

　　Following the spread of Western medicine in China from the mid-Qing Dynasty, especially during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949), some TCM experts began to explore ways to absorb the essence of Western medicine for a combination of TCM with Western medicine.

　　2、中医药特点

　　2. Characteristics of TCM

　　在数千年的发展过程中，中医药不断吸收和融合各个时期先进的科学技术和人文思想，不断创新发展，理论体系日趋完善，技术方法更加丰富，形成了鲜明的特点。

　　During its course of development spanning a couple of millennia, TCM has kept drawing and assimilating advanced elements of natural science and humanities. Through many innovations, its theoretical base covered more ground and its remedies against various diseases expanded, displaying unique characteristics.

　　第一，重视整体。中医认为人与自然、人与社会是一个相互联系、不可分割的统一体，人体内部也是一个有机的整体。重视自然环境和社会环境对健康与疾病的影响，认为精神与形体密不可分，强调生理和心理的协同关系，重视生理与心理在健康与疾病中的相互影响。

　　First, setting great store by the holistic view. TCM deems that the relationship between humans and nature is an interactive and inseparable whole, as are the relationships between humans and the society, and between the internal organs of the human body, so it values the impacts of natural and social environment on health and illness. Moreover, it believes that the mind and body are closely connected, emphasizing the coordination of physical and mental factors and their interactions in the conditions of health and illness.

　　第二，注重“平”与“和”。中医强调和谐对健康具有重要作用，认为人的健康在于各脏腑功能和谐协调，情志表达适度中和，并能顺应不同环境的变化，其根本在于阴阳的动态平衡。疾病的发生，其根本是在内、外因素作用下，人的整体功能失去动态平衡。维护健康就是维护人的整体功能动态平衡，治疗疾病就是使失去动态平衡的整体功能恢复到协调与和谐状态。