政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国交通的可持续发展》

　　– Strengthening drivers of development. China encourages and regulates new forms of business in the transport industry, accelerates the transformation of growth drivers, and strives to establish a multilevel transport service system offering high quality and diverse options.

　　(四)以改革开放为动力

　　4. Reform and Opening Up as a Driving Force

　　深化改革、扩大开放是交通运输发展行稳致远的强大动力。坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，把“有效市场”和“有为政府”更好结合起来，进一步解放和发展交通运输生产力。

　　Further reform and opening up provides a powerful driving force for steady progress in the transport industry. China perseveres with its reform to build the socialist market economy, and creates stronger synergy between a well-functioning market and an enabling government, so as to unleash the productivity of the transport industry.

　　——坚持市场化改革。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，放开交通运输市场，推进质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，着力依靠市场解决发展不充分的问题，更好发挥政府作用解决发展不平衡的问题，不断完善交通运输市场体系，释放交通运输活力。

　　– Making the transport industry more market-oriented. China ensures that the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation, and that the government plays its role better. The state has lifted restrictions on access to the transport market and is promoting changes for higher quality, efficiency and impetus. It is crucial to rely on the market to tackle insufficient development while better playing the role of the government in addressing unbalanced development, so as to improve the transport market and increase the vitality of the transport industry.

　　——坚持高水平开放。打开国门搞建设，积极推进交通运输“走出去”“请进来”，以服务共建“一带一路”为重点，着力推动陆上、海上、天上、网上“四位一体”联通和政策、规则、标准“三位一体”联通，提升与其他国家互联互通水平和国际运输便利化水平。

　　– Pursuing high-standard opening up. China pursues development with its doors open wide and encourages “bringing in” and “going global” in transport development. Focusing on facilitating cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, China makes great efforts to promote land, sea, air and cyber connectivity, and coordination of policies, rules and standards, so as to ensure higher-level connectivity with other countries and facilitate international transport.

　　(五)以创新驱动为支撑

　　5. Innovation as Support

　　创新是交通运输发展的动力源泉。把创新作为推动发展的第一动力，以科技创新为牵引，大力推进管理创新、制度创新、文化创新，完善创新体系，优化创新环境，强化人才支撑。

　　Innovation is a prime mover in transport development. With technological innovation as a locomotive, China promotes innovation in management, institutions and culture, improves its innovation system and environment, and optimizes its human resources in support of the transport industry.

　　——以基础设施建养技术迭代升级增强交通运输系统韧性，增强交通基础设施抵御灾害与预警监测能力，提升高速铁路、高速公路、特大桥隧、深水筑港、大型机场工程等建造技术水平。

　　– Increasing the durability of the transport system through upgrading infrastructure construction and maintenance technologies. China strengthens the disaster-resistance, early warning and monitoring capacity of its transport infrastructure, and improves its engineering technologies for high-speed rail, expressways, mega bridges and tunnels, deep-water ports, large airports and other projects.

　　——以智慧交通建设推进数字经济、共享型经济产业发展，推动模式、业态、产品、服务等联动创新，提高综合交通运输网络效率，构筑新型交通生态系统。

　　– Advancing the digital economy and the sharing economy through developing intelligent transport. China fosters a new transport system by promoting coordinated innovation in business models and forms, products, and services, and improving the efficiency of comprehensive transport networks.

　　——以数字化、网络化、智能化、绿色化技术的发展，拓展交通运输高质量发展空间，抓住全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革催生新技术新模式新业态的历史机遇，推动交通运输可持续发展。

　　– Raising the quality of the transport industry through digital, internet-based, intelligent and green technologies. China endeavors to seize the historic opportunities provided by a new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation, and use new technologies and new business models and forms to promote sustainable development of its transport industry.

　　二、从交通大国向交通强国迈进

　　II. China’s Growing Strength in Transport

　　进入新时代，中国交通驶入高质量发展的快车道，基础设施建设日新月异，运输服务能力、品质和效率大幅提升，科技支撑更加有力，人民出行更加便捷，货物运输更加高效，中国正在从交通大国向交通强国迈进。

　　In the new era, China is accelerating the high-quality development of its transport industry – it is seeing consistent progress in infrastructure construction, marked improvements in transport capacity, quality and efficiency, stronger technological support, greater accessibility and convenience, and more efficient freight transport. China is building up its strength in transport.

　　(一)基础设施从“连线成片”到“基本成网”

　　1. Creating a Comprehensive Infrastructure Network

　　牢牢把握交通基础设施优化布局、加速成网的重要机遇期，深入推进交通供给侧结构性改革，一大批综合客运、货运枢纽投入运营，综合交通网络规模和质量实现跃升，覆盖广度和通达深度不断提升。

　　China has taken advantage of a key window of opportunity to optimize the configuration of transport infrastructure and build it into a comprehensive network. The country has advanced supply-side structural reform in transport by bringing into service a group of passenger and freight hubs. The scale, quality and coverage of the comprehensive transport network have been significantly increased.

　　综合交通基础设施基本实现网络化。截至2019年底，全国铁路营业里程达到13.9万公里，其中高速铁路营业里程超过3.5万公里;全国公路里程达到501.3万公里，其中高速公路里程15万公里;拥有生产性码头泊位2.3万个，其中万吨级及以上泊位数量2520个;内河航道通航里程12.7万公里;民用航空颁证运输机场238个;全国油气长输管道总里程达到15.6万公里，互联互通程度明显加强;邮路和快递服务网络总长度(单程)4085.9万公里，实现乡乡设所、村村通邮。综合立体交通网络初步形成，有力支撑了经济社会持续快速健康发展。

　　Forming a basic network for comprehensive transport infrastructure. By the end of 2019, China had a total of 139,000 km of rail track, of which high-speed lines represented 35,000 km, and a total of more than 5 million km of highways, of which expressways represented 150,000 km. The country had 23,000 operative berths, including 2,520 berths of 10,000-tonne-class or above, and 127,000 km of navigable inland waterways. There were 238 certified civil airports throughout the country. The long-distance oil and gas pipelines totaled 156,000 km with better connections achieved. The total network length of postal and express delivery services approximated 41 million km; every township had a post office and every village was provided with postal services. A comprehensive and multidimensional transport network has been put in place to give strong support to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of society and the economy.

　　综合运输大通道基本贯通。着力加强综合运输大通道建设，进一步打通国家运输大动脉，有力保障国土和能源安全，强化区域间政治经济联系。加快建设“十纵十横”综合运输大通道，依托京沪、京广、沿海、沿江等综合运输大通道，长三角、珠三角、环渤海等港口群和长江沿线港口形成的经济带、城市群成为中国经济最具活力、人口最为密集的区域。上海到南京、上海到杭州高速通道沿线集聚了长三角三分之二的城市和约80%的经济总量。粤港澳大湾区形成了以高速铁路、城际铁路和高等级公路为主体的城际快速交通网络。西气东输、川气东送、海气登陆以及陕京线等天然气干线管输系统不断完善。煤炭物流通道布局更加合理，形成纵贯南北、东西的铁路能源运输大通道;粮食物流骨干通道全部打通，原粮散粮运输、成品粮集装化运输比重大幅提高，粮食物流效率稳步提升。区域间人员交流、物资流通日益便捷，横贯东西、纵贯南北、内畅外通的综合交通主骨架逐步形成。

　　Connecting the main transport corridors. The main transport corridors will be further expanded and connected to ensure China’s territorial and energy security, and strengthen economic and political connections between regions. The state has devised ten vertical and ten horizontal transport corridors. Economic belts and city clusters are thriving along the transport corridors between Beijing and Shanghai, between Beijing and Guangzhou, along the Yangtze River and the coastlines, and near the ports in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta and along the Bohai Sea Rim. They are becoming the most economically dynamic and populous areas in the country. Two thirds of the cities and 80 percent of the GDP of the Yangtze River Delta are concentrated along the high-speed transport corridors between Shanghai and Nanjing, and between Shanghai and Hangzhou. A rapid intercity transport network featuring high-speed railways, intercity railways and high-grade highways has been put in place in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

　　A trunk network of gas pipelines is improving with the capacity to transmit gas from west to east China, from Sichuan to east China and from Shaanxi to Beijing, and to bring gas from offshore. Coal logistics corridors are better configured, and a railway corridor for energy transport running across the country has taken shape. The main logistics corridors for grain have been connected, and the container volumes of unprocessed grain, bulk grain and refined grain have increased significantly, along with improved efficiency in grain logistics. Flow of people and goods is more convenient between regions. An open and comprehensive transport network that crosses the whole country and connects with the world has taken shape.

　　综合交通枢纽建设步伐加快。深入推进交通、物流、信息与经济社会深度融合，大力发展枢纽经济，积极培育经济发展新动能。结合全国城镇体系布局，打造北京、上海、广州等国际性综合交通枢纽，加快建设全国性、区域性综合交通枢纽。通过规划引领，强化一体化综合客运枢纽站建设，北京大兴、上海虹桥等一批综合交通枢纽建成，实现了高铁、城市客运、轨道交通、民航等交通方式的无缝对接。优化货运枢纽布局，推进多式联运型和干支衔接型货运枢纽(物流园区)建设，上海洋山港、郑州铁路港等一批现代物流枢纽建成，提高了换装水平，加快了多式联运发展，有力推动了综合交通运输体系建设。不同运输方式通过枢纽实现有机衔接，为优化国家经济空间布局和构建现代化经济体系提供了有力支撑。

　　Building integrated transport hubs. By giving full play to the hub economy and actively fostering new drivers of growth, China has promoted the integration of transport, logistics, and information with society and the economy. Considering the national urban configuration, the country has built international transport hubs in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and created more transport hubs at national and regional levels. Highlighting the need for integrated transport terminals, a group of such projects have been completed, such as the Beijing Daxing and Shanghai Hongqiao hubs, integrating airport transport seamlessly with high-speed and standard rail, and urban passenger transport.

　　The configuration of freight terminals and logistics parks has been optimized for multimodal and multilevel transport. A number of modern logistics hubs, such as Yangshan Port in Shanghai and the railway inland port in Zhengzhou, have helped to improve the transshipment capacity, enhance multimodal transport, and create a comprehensive transport system. The integration of various transport methods at these hubs provides strong support for optimizing the economic structure and modernizing the economic system.

　　城市交通基础设施体系化建设稳步推进。截至2019年年底，全国城市道路总长度45.9万公里，人均道路面积17.36平方米，建成区路网密度达到6.65公里/平方公里，道路面积率达到13.19%。强化城市综合交通体系规划引领，加强内部交通与对外交通有效衔接。树立“窄马路、密路网”的城市道路布局理念，建设快速路、主干路和次支路级配合理、适宜绿色出行的城市道路网络。完善道路空间分配，充分保障绿色交通出行需求，规范设置道路交通安全设施和交通管理设施。开展人行道净化专项行动，推动自行车专用道建设，切实改善绿色出行环境。

　　Strengthening systematic planning for urban transport infrastructure. By the end of 2019, the total length of urban roads across the country was 459,000 km, the road area per capita 17.36 sq m, the road network density in the urban built-up areas was 6.65 km/sq km and the road area ratio 13.19 percent. The government has strengthened planning for a comprehensive urban transport network and improved effective transport connections between cities and neighboring areas.

　　With a concept of “narrower roads and a denser network”, China has built an urban road network featuring a reasonable composition of expressways, arterial roads, sub-arterial roads and branch roads friendly to green travel. The transport authorities have improved road space allocation to fully ensure the needs of green travel and regulated the provision of traffic safety and management facilities. The country has carried out campaigns to clear up sidewalks and build bike paths to improve the environment for green travel.

　　(二)运输服务从“走得了”到“走得好”

　　2. Optimizing Transport Capacity and Quality

　　全面提升交通运输服务质量，“互联网+交通”等新模式快速发展，多样化、品质化、均等化水平大幅提升，运输服务实现“人便其行、货畅其流”，通达性和保障性显著增强。交通运输对国家经济社会发展的支撑显著增强，促投资、促消费、稳增长作用明显。

　　China has made all-round improvements to the quality of transport. The rapid growth of Internet Plus Transport and other new business models has offered more equitable access to more diversified services of higher quality, facilitating the movement of people and goods, and strengthening the accessibility and support functions of transport. Transport is playing a stronger role in supporting the nation’s economic and social development, and in promoting investment, stimulating consumption, and sustaining growth.

　　货物运输服务保障能力不断提升。中国是世界上运输最繁忙的国家。面对日益增长的货物运输需求，加快多式联运发展，创新公铁联运、空铁联运、铁水联运、江海联运、水水中转、滚装联运等高效运输组织模式，开展铁路运能提升、水运系统升级、公路货运治理等专项行动，货物运输结构持续优化，综合运输效率不断提高，物流成本逐步降低，交通运输环境污染明显减少，原油、成品油、天然气管道建设不断提速。铁路运量占社会运输总量比例不断提升，“公转铁”行动取得突出成效。港口货物吞吐量和集装箱吞吐量均居世界第一。快递业务量保持强劲增长态势，连续6年位居世界第一。运输服务能力大幅提升，推进物流降本增效取得积极成效，促进了物流业转型升级。

　　Enhancing freight transport capacity. China is one of the busiest freight hubs in the world. The increasing demand for freight capacity requires China to accelerate multimodal transport, create efficient and innovative transport links such as rail-highway, air-rail, rail-waterway and river-sea transport, ship-to-ship transfer, and roll-on/roll-off shipping.

　　China has also implemented programs to raise railway transport capacity, upgrade waterway transport, and regulate highway freight transport. The freight transport structure has been optimized, overall transport efficiency has improved, and logistics costs have been lowered. A marked decrease has been seen in transport pollution. The construction of pipelines for crude oil, refined oil and natural gas is accelerating. The proportion of rail transport in total freight transport is increasing. Visible results have been achieved in shifting more freight transport from road to railway. The cargo throughput and container throughput in China’s ports both rank first in the world. Express delivery continues to flourish, and has led the world for the past six years. Substantial growth in transport service capacity has accelerated progress in reducing costs, increasing efficiency, and upgrading the logistics industry.

　　公众高品质出行需求逐步满足。旅客运输专业化、个性化服务品质不断提升，人们对“美好出行”的需求得到更好满足，出行体验更加方便、快捷、舒适、温暖。以道路运输为基础，高铁、民航为主要发展方向的出行服务体系更加完善，客运结构持续优化，中长距离客流逐步从公路转向高铁和民航。截至2019年底，动车组列车累计发送旅客120亿人次，占铁路旅客发送量的比重由2007年的4.5%增长到65.4%。春节、国庆等重要节庆日大规模客流的服务保障能力显著提升，人们不仅能够“说走就走”，而且走得“舒适、优雅、惬意”，“人享其行”的期盼逐步成为现实。

　　Meeting the public’s expectation for quality travel. Passenger transport is becoming more professional and personal, meeting the public’s expectation for a better, faster, more convenient, more comfortable, and satisfying travel experience. With road transport as the base and high-speed rail and civil aviation as the direction of future development, the transport service structure is improving. The trend is for passengers on middle- and long-distance journeys to shift from highway travel to high-speed rail and planes. By the end of 2019, 12 billion trips had been made on high-speed rail, and its share of total rail passenger transport had risen from 4.5 percent in 2007 to 65.4 percent.

　　The transport capacity and service during the Chinese New Year holiday, National Day holiday, and other travel peaks have significantly increased. People can now take a trip whenever they want, and enjoy quality and professional service that makes travel a comfortable and satisfying experience.

　　城市公共交通持续优先发展。发展公共交通是现代城市发展的方向，是加强城市交通治理、提升城市居民生活品质的有效措施。大力加强城市轨道交通建设，截至2019年底，全国共有40个城市开通运营城市轨道交通线路，运营里程达6172.2公里，城市轨道交通的骨干作用日益凸显，城市公交出行分担率稳步提高，舒适度不断提升。城市慢行交通系统较快发展，70余个城市发布共享单车管理实施细则，360余个城市提供了共享单车服务。城市公共交通的发展为人们出行提供了便利，满足了多样化出行需求。

　　Prioritizing the sustainable development of urban public transport. Modern cities aspire to provide high-quality public transport, and take effective measures to strengthen urban traffic management and enhance the life quality of urban citizens. Great efforts have been made to improve urban rail services. By the end of 2019, a total of 40 cities had opened urban rail transit lines, with 6,172.2 km of track. While the role of rail transit is increasingly visible, the number of people using public transport for travel is also growing, and the level of comfort is improving.

　　Rapid development has also been seen in non-motorized transport. More than 70 cities have released administrative measures to regulate bike-sharing, and over 360 cities provide bike-sharing services. Public transport offers convenient travel by meeting the public’s diverse travel needs.

　　基本公共服务均等化水平不断提升。努力保障公众公平享有交通服务权利，以交通和谐促进社会和谐。僻远地区开行的公益性“慢火车”，站站停、低票价、公交化，架起了山村与城市的沟通桥梁，成为沿线人民的“公交车”“致富车”。公路客运普及和农村物流发展有力促进了城乡一体化，截至2019年底，已开展52个城乡交通运输一体化示范县建设，全国城乡交通运输一体化发展水平达到AAA级、AAAA级以上的区县比例分别超过95%和79%。在铁路、公路、水运、民航、邮政等重要枢纽设置无障碍设施，推广无障碍化交通工具，为特殊群体提供了周到的出行服务。不断加大旅客运输及出行服务普惠力度，让人民共享交通发展成果。

　　Ensuring equal access to basic public services. To promote social harmony, the Chinese government is committed to ensuring equal access to public transport services. Low-fare low-speed trains in remote areas which stop at every small station and have a similar function to buses, serve as a bridge between mountainous villages and cities. These trains provide a convenient public welfare service to people along the line and facilitate their efforts towards a better life.

　　The nationwide expansion of highway passenger transport and rural logistics has helped to integrate rural and urban areas. By the end of 2019, integration of rural and urban transport had been piloted in 52 counties; 95 percent of urban districts and counties nationwide had achieved AAA ratings in urban-rural transport integration, and 79 percent had achieved AAAA ratings.

　　Accessible transport provides convenience for people with disabilities, and barrier-free access has been implemented at public transport hubs including train stations, highway service areas, passenger ship terminals, airports, and postal outlets. Further measures are being implemented to provide universal services and help people share in the fruits of transport development.

　　交通运输新业态新模式不断涌现。“互联网+”交通运输正在深刻改变着人们的出行方式。截至2019年底，网约车覆盖全国400多个城市，平台日均使用量达到2000万人次。共享单车有效解决了出行“最后一公里”难题，日均使用量约4570万人次。货运物流融入“互联网+”进程加快，推动了货运物流组织方式创新，95306铁路货运服务系统全面建成，2019年铁路网上货运业务办理比例达到85%，229家无车承运人试点企业整合货运车辆211万辆，车辆利用率提高约50.0%，较传统货运交易成本降低了6至8个百分点。“高铁网+互联网”双网融合取得突出成效，2019年12306互联网售票系统售票超过35.7亿张;电子客票基本实现全覆盖;高铁站车正逐步实现WIFI信号全覆盖，创新推出网上订餐、无线充电、智能交互等服务。截至2019年底，超过98%的二级以上汽车客运站提供省域联网售票服务。网约车、共享单车、共享汽车等线上线下新消费模式，刷脸进站、“无纸化”登机、无人机投递、无接触配送、智慧停车、道路客运定制服务等新业态，让人们享受到了便利，为经济发展注入了新动能。

　　Encouraging new models and forms of business in transport. Internet Plus models in transport are having a profound impact on the way people travel. By the end of 2019, more than 400 cities across the country had online car-hailing services, with daily usage averaging 20 million trips. Bike-sharing has effectively bridged the last kilometer in urban travel, with daily usage averaging more than 45.7 million trips.

　　The penetration of Internet Plus into freight logistics is accelerating, and inspiring organizational innovations. The 95306 online platform for railway freight services was put in place. In 2019, the online rail freight service handling rate rose to 85 percent. 229 non-truck operating common carriers integrated 2.11 million freight vehicles, improving the utilization rate by 50 percent, lowering the freight transaction cost by six to eight percentage points compared with traditional ways. The integration of the internet and high-speed railway network has seen remarkable results. In 2019, a total of 3.57 billion tickets were sold on 12306.cn, China’s official website for booking train tickets. Electronic tickets can be bought at almost all railway stations. China is on the way to achieving full WIFI coverage in high-speed trains and stations. It has also made innovations to roll out services such as online meal booking, wireless charging and intelligent interaction.

　　By the end of 2019, over 98 percent of the bus terminals at the county level and above offer province-side online ticket booking services. The new online and offline forms of passenger transport such as car-hailing, bike-sharing, and car-sharing services, and new forms of business such as facial recognition check-in at railway stations, paperless boarding at airports, drone delivery, contactless delivery, intelligent parking, and customized passenger transport services have brought convenience to people and injected fresh momentum to economic growth.

　　支撑区域重大战略实施。服务京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、粤港澳大湾区建设等区域协调发展战略，加强交通运输布局，提供基础支撑。加快构建以首都为核心的多节点、网格状世界级城市群交通体系，加快建设雄安新区一流的综合交通运输体系。强化干线铁路、城际铁路、市域(郊)铁路、城市轨道交通的高效衔接，推动“四网融合”，着力打造“轨道上的京津冀”。全面推进干线航道系统化治理，提升长江黄金水道功能，疏解三峡运输“瓶颈”制约，建设长江经济带综合立体交通走廊。畅通大湾区经粤东西北至周边省区的综合运输通道，构建连接泛珠三角区域和东盟国家的陆路国际大通道，推动粤港澳大湾区现代化综合交通运输体系建设。以“海澄文(海口、澄迈、文昌)”一体化经济圈、大三亚旅游经济圈为重点，打造多节点、网格状、全覆盖的铁路、城际轨道和骨架公路网，全面支撑海南自由贸易港建设。以上海、南京、杭州、合肥、苏锡常、宁波等为节点，构建对外高效联通、内部有机衔接的多层次综合交通网络，推进长三角区域交通运输更高质量一体化发展。契合全流域生态保护和国土空间开发，加快形成黄河流域“通道+枢纽+网络”联动发展格局。差异化完善区域各板块交通网络，增强了对区域战略的交通支撑。

　　Supporting major strategies for regional development. China has strengthened the transport configuration to support and serve the strategy to coordinate the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and other regions. The country has accelerated to build multi-junction transport matrices for world-class city clusters, and a first-class comprehensive transport system in the Xiong’an New Area. Efficient connections between trunk, intercity, suburban and urban rail have been achieved, with a focus on facilitating Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration.

　　In its efforts to systematically manage major waterways, China has mitigated the traffic bottleneck along the Three Gorges Dam, improved the function of the Yangtze River as the golden waterway, and endeavored to build a transport corridor along the Yangtze River Economic Belt. To create a modern and comprehensive transport network in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the country has opened up transport corridors in the east, west and north of Guangdong connecting the Greater Bay Area with surrounding provinces and regions, and aimed to build an international overland transport corridor linking the pan-Pearl River Delta with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

　　To support the Hainan Free Trade Port, China has built a multi-junction, province-wide transport matrix of railways, intercity rail, and main highways in Hainan, focusing on the Haikou-Chengmai-Wenchang Economic Integration Circle and the Greater Sanya Tourism Economic Circle. To promote better and integrated transport in the Yangtze River Delta, the country has built a multilevel, well-connected transport network with Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Ningbo as the junctions.

　　In line with the need for eco-environmental conservation and territorial space development in the Yellow River Basin, China has coordinated the development of the transport corridors, hubs and network in the river basin. Targeted transport measures in various regions have been designed to support their respective strategies.

　　(三)交通科技从“跟跑为主”到“跟跑并跑领跑”并行

　　3. Moving from Follower to Leader in Transport Technology

　　经过不懈努力，交通运输科技创新能力大幅跃升，核心技术逐步自主可控，基础设施、运输装备取得标志性重大科技创新成果，可持续发展能力显著提升。中国的交通科技从跟跑世界一流水平为主，进入到跟跑、并跑、领跑并行的新阶段。

　　China’s capacity for innovation in transport has strengthened – it possesses self-developed core technologies, and has made major breakthroughs in transport infrastructure and equipment. Capacity for sustainable development is growing. China is making steady progress from a follower to a leader in transport technology.

　　交通超级工程举世瞩目。高速铁路、高寒铁路、高原铁路、重载铁路技术达到世界领先水平，高原冻土、膨胀土、沙漠等特殊地质公路建设技术攻克世界级难题。离岸深水港建设关键技术、巨型河口航道整治技术、长河段航道系统治理技术以及大型机场工程建设技术世界领先。世界单条运营里程最长的京广高铁全线贯通，一次性建成里程最长的兰新高铁，世界首条高寒地区高铁哈大高铁开通运营，大秦重载铁路年运量世界第一，世界上海拔最高的青海果洛藏族自治州雪山一号隧道通车。川藏铁路雅安至林芝段开工建设。港珠澳大桥、西成高铁秦岭隧道群、洋山港集装箱码头、青岛港全自动化集装箱码头、长江口深水航道治理等系列重大工程举世瞩目。中国在建和在役公路桥梁、隧道总规模世界第一，世界主跨径前十位的斜拉桥、悬索桥、跨海大桥，中国分别有7座、6座、6座，世界最高的10座大桥中有8座在中国。

　　World-leading mega-projects. China leads the world in technology for railways at high altitudes and in extremely low temperatures, and for high-speed and heavy-haul railways. It has solved the most challenging technical problems confronting highway construction in difficult geological conditions such as plateau permafrost, expansive soil, and desert. It also leads in core technologies for building deep-water offshore ports, improving massive estuary and long waterways, and building large airports.

　　The Beijing-Guangzhou High-speed Railway, the longest high-speed rail line in the world, has been completed. The Lanzhou-Urumqi High-speed Railway has the world’s longest line that has been built at one go. The Harbin-Dalian High-speed Railway, the world’s first high-speed rail line operating at low temperatures in winter is open to traffic. The Datong-Qinhuangdao Heavy-haul Railway ranks top in the world in terms of annual transport volume. The Xueshan No. 1 Tunnel, the world’s highest of its kind, built in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, has been opened to traffic. The section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway between Ya’an and Nyingchi is under construction.

　　Other notable mega-projects include the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the Xi’an-Chengdu High-speed Rail cutting through the Qinling Mountains, the container terminal at Yangshan Port, the automated container terminal at Qingdao Port, and the deep-water channel improvement project in the Yangtze River Estuary.

　　China leads the world in the total length and number of highway bridges and tunnels in service and under construction. It has seven of the ten longest cable-stayed bridges, six of the ten longest suspension bridges, six of the ten longest cross-sea bridges, and eight of the ten highest bridges in the world.

　　交通装备技术取得重大突破。瞄准世界科技前沿发展“国之重器”，交通运输关键装备技术自主研发水平大幅提升。具有完全自主知识产权的“复兴号”中国标准动车组实现世界上首次时速420公里交会和重联运行，在京沪高铁、京津城际铁路、京张高铁实现世界最高时速350公里持续商业运营，智能型动车组首次实现时速350公里自动驾驶功能;时速600公里高速磁浮试验样车、具备跨国互联互通能力的时速400公里可变轨距高速动车组下线。盾构机等特种工程机械研发实现巨大突破，最大直径土压平衡盾构机、最大直径硬岩盾构机、最大直径泥水平衡盾构机等相继研制成功。节能与新能源汽车产业蓬勃发展，与国际先进水平基本保持同步。海工机械特种船舶、大型自动化专业化集装箱成套设备制造技术领先世界，300米饱和潜水取得创新性突破。C919大型客机成功首飞。支线客机ARJ21开始商业运营。快递分拣技术快速发展。远洋船舶、高速动车组、铁路大功率机车、海工机械等领跑全球，大型飞机、新一代智联网汽车等装备技术方兴未艾，成为中国制造业走向世界的“金名片”。

　　Major breakthroughs in transport equipment technology. Aiming to develop cutting-edge core technologies, China has substantially improved the level of its independent research in key transport equipment technology. China has set a world record by successfully testing its self-developed Fuxing EMU trains running at 420 km/h in intersection and coupled operations. The Fuxing EMUs have been running at 350 km/h – the highest operating speed in the world – on the Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Rail, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail and the Beijing-Zhangjiakou High-speed Rail. China became the first in the world to realize autopilot on trains running at a speed of 350 km/h. 600 km/h prototype maglev trains and high-speed free gauge trains running at a speed of 400 km/h that can change tracks and are capable of making international trips have rolled off the production line.

　　Major breakthroughs have been achieved in tunneling technology – earth pressure balance, hard rock, and slurry shield machines with the world’s largest operating diameters have been developed. The fuel-efficient and new energy vehicle industry is prospering, keeping abreast of the latest international advances. The manufacturing technologies for special marine engineering machinery vessels and complete sets of large automated and specialized container handling equipment rank top in the world. China has also made innovative breakthroughs in 300-meter saturation diving. The C919 large passenger aircraft has made its maiden flight. The ARJ21 regional jet is now in commercial service.

　　The sorting technology in express delivery is developing rapidly. China leads the world in building ocean-going vessels, high-speed EMU trains, high-power locomotives, and marine engineering machinery. Its burgeoning equipment technology in large aircraft and new-generation intelligent connected vehicles is on the way to becoming a major international calling card for China’s manufacturing.

　　智慧交通发展步伐加快。推进“互联网+”交通发展，推动现代信息技术与交通运输管理和服务全面融合，提升交通运输服务水平。充分运用5G通信、大数据、人工智能等新兴技术，交通运输基础设施和装备领域智能化不断取得突破。铁路、公路、水运、民航客运电子客票、联网售票日益普及，运输生产调度指挥信息化水平显著提升，截至2019年底，229个机场和主要航空公司实现“无纸化”出行。全面取消全国高速公路省界收费站，高速公路电子不停车收费系统(ETC)等新技术应用成效显著，截至2019年底，全国ETC客户累计超过2亿，全路网、全时段、全天候监测以及信息发布能力不断增强。北斗系统在交通运输全领域广泛应用，全国已有760万道路营运车辆、3.33万邮政快递干线车辆、1369艘部系统公务船舶、10863座水上助导航设施、109座沿海地基增强站、352架通用航空器应用北斗系统，并在3架运输航空器上应用北斗系统，京张高铁成为世界首条采用北斗卫星导航系统并实现自动驾驶等功能的智能高铁。智慧公路应用逐步深入，智慧港口、智能航运等技术广泛应用。智能投递设施遍布全国主要城市，自动化分拣覆盖主要快递企业骨干分拨中心。出台自动驾驶道路测试管理规范和封闭测试场地建设指南，颁布智能船舶规范，建立无人船海上测试场，推动无人机在快递等领域示范应用。