政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《新时代的中国国防》

　　四、改革中的中国国防和军队

　　IV. Reform in China’s National Defense and Armed Forces

　　人民军队发展史，就是一部改革创新史。进入新时代，适应世界新军事革命发展趋势和国家安全需求，中国全面推进国防和军队现代化建设，全面深化国防和军队改革，着力解决体制性障碍、结构性矛盾、政策性问题，迈出了强军兴军历史性步伐。

　　The history of the people’s armed forces is a history of reform and innovation. In the new era, China is advancing defense and military modernization across the board and deepening reform in national defense and armed forces in all respects, with a focus on removing institutional barriers and solving structural and policy-related problems to adapt to the trends of worldwide RMA and the demands of national security. Historic strides have been made in strengthening the armed forces.

　　重塑领导指挥体制

　　Reforming the Leadership and Command System

　　领导指挥体制改革是适应现代军队专业化分工和信息时代能打仗、打胜仗的要求，提高军队作战效能和建设效益的重大举措。按照“军委管总、战区主战、军种主建”原则，强化军委集中统一领导和战略指挥、战略管理功能，打破长期实行的总部体制、大军区体制、大陆军体制，构建新的军队领导管理和作战指挥体制。

　　The reform in the leadership and command system is a significant measure in response to the call of a modern and specialized military capable of fighting and winning wars in the information age, aiming to improve the operational effectiveness and development efficiency of the military. Adhering to the general principle of “the CMC exercising overall leadership, the TCs responsible for military operations and the services focusing on developing capabilities”, the PLA endeavors to enhance the CMC’s centralized and unified leadership and its functions of strategic command and strategic management. The PLA has dismantled the long-established systems of general departments, military area commands (MAC) and the force composition with a dominating land force, and established new leadership, management and operational command systems.

　　调整组建新的军委机关部门。优化军委机关职能配置和机构设置，由过去的总参谋部、总政治部、总后勤部、总装备部四总部调整为军委机关15个职能部门，作为军委集中领导的参谋机关、执行机关、服务机关。指挥、建设、管理、监督等路径更加清晰，决策、规划、执行、评估等职能配置更加合理。

　　Reorganizing and establishing new CMC functional organs. To optimize the functional and institutional setup of the CMC organs, the former General Staff Headquarters, General Political Department, General Logistics Department and General Armaments Department have been reshuffled into 15 organs under the centralized CMC leadership to advise, execute and serve. Thus, the chains of command, development, management and supervision are more streamlined, and the responsibilities of decision-making, planning, execution and assessment are more properly delegated.

　　完善军兵种领导管理体制。整合原四总部的陆军建设职能，成立陆军领导机构;整合各军种和军委机关的战略支援力量，成立战略支援部队;第二炮兵更名为火箭军;整合主要承担通用保障任务的战略战役力量，成立联勤保障部队，构建起“中央军委-军种-部队”的领导管理体系。

　　Improving the leadership and management system for services and arms. The PLA has:

　　Established the PLAA leading organs by integrating the functions of the former general departments concerning the development of the land force;

　　Established the PLASSF by combining strategic support forces across the services and CMC organs;

　　Renamed the Second Artillery Force the PLARF; and

　　Established the PLAJLSF by integrating strategic and campaign level forces mainly for general-purpose support.

　　Thus, a CMC-Services-Troops leadership and management system has been put in place.

　　建立健全联合作战指挥体制。健全军委联合作战指挥机构，组建战区联合作战指挥机构，形成平战一体、常态运行、专司主营、精干高效的联合作战指挥体系。撤销沈阳、北京、兰州、济南、南京、广州、成都7个大军区，成立东部、南部、西部、北部、中部5个战区。通过改革，构建起“中央军委-战区-部队”的作战指挥体系。

　　Establishing and improving the joint operations command system. By improving the joint operations command organ of the CMC and setting up those at the theater level, the PLA has established a lean and efficient joint operations command system composed of permanent and specialized commanding establishments for both peacetime and wartime operations. The former Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu MACs have been reorganized into 5 TCs: Eastern Theater Command (ETC), Southern Theater Command (STC), Western Theater Command (WTC), Northern Theater Command (NTC), and Central Theater Command (CTC). Thus, a CMC-TCs-Troops operations command system has been established.

　　建立健全法治监督体系。组建新的军委纪律检查委员会(军委监察委员会)，由中央军委直接领导，向军委机关部门和各战区派驻纪检组;组建新的军委政法委员会，按区域设置军事法院、军事检察院;组建军委审计署，改革审计监督体制，全部实行派驻审计，形成决策权、执行权、监督权既相互制约又相互协调的权力运行体系。

　　Building and improving the law-based supervision system. The Chinese military has established the CMC Discipline Inspection Commission (CMCDIC, also the CMC Supervision Commission, CMCSC) under the direct leadership of the CMC, and dispatched disciplinary inspection teams to the CMC functional organs and all TCs. It has set up the CMC Politics and Law Commission (CMCPLC) and established regional military courts and procuratorates. It has put into place the CMC Audit Office (CMCAO), reformed the audit-based oversight system, and implemented PLA-wide resident auditing. Thus, power is exercised in a way that decision-making, execution and supervision check each other and function in coordination.

　　优化规模结构和力量编成

　　Optimizing Size, Structure and Force Composition

　　规模结构和力量编成改革是推进军队组织形态现代化、构建中国特色现代军事力量体系的关键一步。按照调整优化结构、发展新型力量、理顺重大比例关系、压减数量规模的要求，推动军队由数量规模型向质量效能型、人力密集型向科技密集型转变。

　　Reform in size, structure and force composition is a pivotal step to optimizing military organizational structure and establishing a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics. Following the instruction to optimize structures, develop new-type forces, adjust proportions and reduce sizes, the PLA is striving to transform from a quantity-and-scale model to that of quality and efficiency, as well as from being personnel-intensive to one that is S&T-intensive.

　　调整军队规模比例，重塑力量结构布局。裁减军队员额30万，现役总员额减至200万。扩大士官和文职人员编配范围，压减各级机关编制，减少各级机关内设机构、领导层级和人员，精简文艺体育新闻出版、服务保障和院校、医疗、仓库、科研院所等机构和人员，团级以上机关人员减少约四分之一，非战斗单位人员压减近一半。大幅压减陆军现役员额，保持空军现役员额稳定，适度增加海军、火箭军现役员额，优化各军兵种内部力量结构。优化后备力量结构。调整作战力量部署，形成与维护新时代国家安全需要相适应的战略布局。

　　Adjusting scale and proportion, and restructuring force composition. 300,000 personnel have been cut to keep the total active force at 2 million. Reform measures have been taken to transfer more officer positions to non-commissioned officers and civilian staff, downsize the leading organs at all levels by reducing their subordinate sections, leadership hierarchies and staff, and streamline the institutions and personnel in arts, sports, press, publication, logistical support, medical facilities, depots, and educational and research institutes. Thus, the number of personnel in the leading organs at and above regiment level has been cut by about 25%, and that of non-combat units by almost 50%. The PLA has significantly downsized the active force of the PLAA, maintained that of the PLAAF at a steady number, moderately increased that of the PLAN and PLARF, and optimized the force structures of all services and arms. The PLA has restructured the defense reserves. The deployment of combat forces has been adjusted for a strategic configuration that meets the demands of safeguarding China’s national security in the new era.

　　调整作战部队编成，重构新型作战力量。陆军原18个集团军整合重组为13个集团军。在全军主要作战部队实行“军-旅-营”体制，充实兵种作战力量，减少指挥层级，降低合成重心。增加特种作战、立体攻防、两栖作战、远海防卫、战略投送等新型作战力量，推动部队编成向充实、合成、多能、灵活方向发展。

　　Reorganizing the troops and rebuilding new-type combat forces. The previous 18 group armies have been reorganized into 13 new ones. All major combat units of the PLA follow a group army-brigade-battalion system. Reform measures have been taken to reinforce the combat capacity of the arms, reduce the command hierarchies and combine the troops at lower levels. New types of combat forces have been enhanced to conduct special operations, all-dimensional offense and defense, amphibious operations, far seas protection and strategic projection, aiming to make the force composition complete, combined, multi-functional and flexible.

　　优化院校力量布局，重构军事科研体系。解放军和武警部队原有77所院校整合为44所，重塑国防大学、国防科技大学。成立军委军事科学研究指导委员会，调整组建新的军事科学院、军种研究院，形成以军事科学院为龙头、军兵种科研机构为骨干、院校和部队科研力量为辅助的军事科研力量布局。

　　Rebalancing and reorganizing military educational and research institutions. The PLA and the PAP have restructured the previous 77 universities and colleges into 44. The National Defense University (NDU) and the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) have been reorganized. China’s armed forces have established the CMC Steering Committee on Military Scientific Research and reorganized the Academy of Military Sciences (AMS) and the research institutes of the services. Thus, the military scientific research forces have been rebalanced with the AMS as the lead, the research institutes of the services and arms as the main forces, and the research components in educational institutions and the troops as supplements.

　　推进军事政策制度改革

　　Reforming Military Policies and Institutions

　　坚持战斗力标准，着眼调动军事人员积极性、主动性、创造性，整体设计和推进军事政策制度改革，建立健全中国特色社会主义军事政策制度体系。

　　China’s armed forces take combat effectiveness as the criterion in the reform of military policies and institutions and encourage the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of all members of the armed forces. Reform is designed to build and improve the system of socialist military policies and institutions with Chinese characteristics.

　　深化军队党的建设制度改革，维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，确保党对军队绝对领导。制定《关于加强新时代军队党的建设的决定》等法规制度，推进完善军队党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设制度。

　　They have deepened reform in the institutions for Party building in the military to uphold the authority of the CPCCC and its centralized and unified leadership, and ensure the absolute leadership of the CPC over the military. Rules and regulations including the Decision of China’s Armed Forces on Strengthening Party Building in the Military in the New Era have been formulated to improve the Party’s institutions in the military in order to enhance its political and theoretical buildup, consolidate organizations, improve conduct, and enforce discipline.

　　创新军事力量运用政策制度，有效保障全面履行新时代军队使命任务。制定《海上护航行动条例(试行)》等法规制度，推进完善军事战略指导制度、战备工作条例、联合作战法规等。

　　They have innovated in policies and institutions for military force employment in a bid to effectively perform all missions and tasks in the new era. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the Regulations on Vessel Protection Operations (Trial). The institutions of military strategic guidance, regulations on combat readiness duties, and rules and regulations on joint operations have all been optimized.

　　重塑军事力量建设政策制度，更好解放和发展战斗力。制定修订《国防交通法》《军事设施保护法》《文职人员条例》等法规制度，颁布实施新军事训练条例和军事训练大纲。推进建立军官职业化制度，优化军人待遇保障，健全军人荣誉体系，完善军事训练、装备发展、后勤建设、军事科研、国防动员等方面政策制度，加快推进军官法、兵役法等立法进程。

　　They have reformulated policies and institutions to further develop combat capabilities. Laws and regulations have been formulated and amended including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on National Defense Transportation, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Military Installations and the Regulations on Civilian Personnel in the Military. Newly-updated military training regulations and outlines have been promulgated. They have made progress in establishing the career officers system, optimizing the institutions of military welfare and support, improving the military honors system, and refining policies and institutions in training, equipment development, logistics, military research and national defense mobilization. Meanwhile, bigger legislative steps have been taken in relation to military officers and military service.

　　改革军事管理政策制度，提升军事系统运行效能，推动军队高质量发展。制定修订《内务条令(试行)》《纪律条令(试行)》《队列条令(试行)》《军事立法工作条例》等法规制度，推进战略管理、军费管理、军事司法等制度创新。

　　They have reformed the policies and institutions for military management to elevate the efficacy of military systems and boost quality development of the military. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the newly-updated Regulations on Routine Service of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Discipline of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Formation of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), and the Regulations on Military Legislation. China’s armed forces are enhancing institutional innovation in strategic management, defense expenditure management, and the military judicial system.

　　全面停止军队有偿服务。截至2018年6月，军队各级机关、部队及其所属事业单位从事的房地产租赁、农副业生产、招接待等15个行业的有偿服务活动基本停止，超过10万个有偿服务项目按期停止，累计停偿项目比例达到94%，军队不从事经营活动的目标基本实现。