政府报告白皮书双语：《关于中美经贸磋商的中方立场》

　　(二)贸易战没有给美国带来所谓的“再次伟大”

　　(II) The trade war has not “made America great again”

　　加征关税措施不仅没有推动美国经济增长，反而带来了严重伤害。

　　The tariff measures have not boosted American economic growth. Instead, they have done serious harm to the US economy.

　　一是提高美国企业生产成本。中美制造业相互依存度很高，许多美国制造商依赖中国的原材料和中间品，短期内难以找到合适的替代供应商，只能承担加征关税的成本。

　　First, the tariff measures have significantly increased production costs for US companies. The Chinese and US manufacturing sectors are highly dependent on each other. Many American manufacturers depend on China’s raw materials and intermediary goods. As it is hard for them to find good alternative suppliers in the short term, they will have to bear the costs of the tariff hikes.

　　二是抬升美国国内物价。进口中国物美价廉的消费品是美国通胀率长期保持低位的重要因素之一。加征关税后，中国产品最终销售价格提高，实际上美国消费者也承担了关税成本。美国全国零售商联合会研究显示，仅对中国家具征收25%关税一项，就使美国消费者每年多付出46亿美元的额外支出(注9)。

　　Second, the tariff measures lead to domestic price hikes in the US. The import of value-for-money consumer goods from China is a key factor behind the long-term low inflation in the US. After the additional tariffs were imposed, the final selling price of Chinese products increased, leaving American consumers effectively bearing some tariff costs. According to research by the US National Retail Federation, the 25 percent additional tariffs on furniture alone will cost the US consumer an additional US$4.6 billion per year.

　　三是影响美国经济增长和民生。美国商会和荣鼎集团2019年3月联合发布的报告显示，受中美经贸摩擦影响，2019年及未来4年美国国内生产总值将可能每年减少640亿至910亿美元，约占美国国内生产总值总额的0.3%-0.5%。如美国对所有中国输美商品征收25%关税，未来10年美国国内生产总值将累计减少1万亿美元(注10)。美国智库“贸易伙伴”(Trade Partnership)2019年2月发布的研究报告显示，如美国对所有中国输美商品加征25%的关税，美国国内生产总值将减少1.01%，就业岗位将减少216万个，一个四口之家每年支出将增加2294美元(注11)。

　　Third, the tariff measures have an impact on US economic growth and people’s livelihood. A joint report by the US Chamber of Commerce and the Rhodium Group in March 2019 showed that, under the impact of China-US economic and trade friction, US GDP in 2019 and the next four years could decrease by US$64-91 billion per year, about 0.3-0.5 percent of total US GDP. If the US imposes 25 percent tariffs on all Chinese goods exported to the US, US GDP will decrease by US$1 trillion in the next ten years cumulatively. According to a research report in February 2019 by Trade Partnership, an American think-tank, if the US imposes 25 percent additional tariffs on all imported Chinese goods, US GDP will decrease by 1.01 percent, with 2.16 million job losses and an additional annual burden of US$2,294 on a family of four.

　　四是阻碍美对华出口。美中贸易全国委员会2019年5月1日发布的《各州对华出口报告——2019》指出，2009年至2018年十年间，美国对华出口支撑了超过110万个美国就业岗位，中国市场对美国经济至关重要。在此十年中，美国48个州对华货物出口实现累计增长，其中44个州实现两位数增长，但在中美经贸摩擦加剧的2018年，美国仅有16个州对华货物出口实现增长，34个州对华出口下降，其中24个州出现两位数降幅，中西部农业州受损最为严重。受关税措施影响的美国农产品对华出口同比减少33.1%，其中大豆降幅近50%，美国业界担心从此失去培育了近40年的中国市场。

　　Fourth, the tariff measures lead to barriers to US exports to China. The 2019 State Export Report, published by the US-China Business Council on May 1, 2019, stated that in the ten years from 2009 to 2018, US exports to China supported over 1.1 million jobs. The Chinese market continues its importance to US economic growth. Forty-eight states of the US have increased their goods exports to China during the last decade – 44 of them by double digits – while in 2018, when economic and trade friction worsened, only 16 states increased their goods exports to China. Thirty-four states exported fewer goods to China, with 24 of them seeing a double-digit decrease. The Midwestern agricultural states were hit particularly hard. Under tariff measures, exports of American agricultural produce to China decreased by 33.1 percent year-on-year, including a 50 percent drop in soybeans. US businesses are worried that they might lose the Chinese market, which they have been cultivating for nearly 40 years.

　　(三)美国贸易霸凌行径殃及全球

　　(III) US trade bullying harms the world

　　经济全球化是不可阻挡的时代潮流，以邻为壑的单边主义、保护主义不得人心。美国采取的一系列贸易保护措施，违反世界贸易组织规则，损害多边贸易体制，严重干扰全球产业链和供应链，损害市场信心，给全球经济复苏带来严峻挑战，给经济全球化趋势造成重大威胁。

　　Economic globalization is a firmly-established trend of the times. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism are unpopular. The trade protectionist measures taken by the US go against the WTO rules, damage the multilateral trading system, seriously disrupt global industrial chains and supply chains, undermine market confidence, and pose a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

　　一是损害多边贸易体制权威。美国依据国内法发起“201”“232”“301”等一系列单边调查，并采取加征关税措施，严重违反世界贸易组织最基本最核心的最惠国待遇、关税约束等规则。这种单边主义、保护主义行为不仅损害中国和其他成员利益，更损害了世界贸易组织及其争端解决机制的权威性，使多边贸易体制和国际贸易秩序面临险境。

　　First, the US measures are undermining the authority of the multilateral trading system. The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding. Such unilateralist and protectionist actions have harmed the interests of China and other WTO members. More importantly, they have undermined the authority of the WTO and its dispute settlement system, and exposed the multilateral trading system and international trade order to peril.

　　二是威胁全球经济增长。全球经济尚未完全走出国际金融危机的阴影，美国政府升级经贸摩擦、提高关税水平，相关国家不得不采取相应措施，导致全球经贸秩序紊乱，阻碍全球经济复苏，殃及各国企业发展和人民福祉，使全球经济落入“衰退陷阱”。2019年1月，世界银行发布《全球经济展望》报告，将2019年全球经济增长预期进一步降至2.9%，贸易关系持续紧张是主要下行风险之一(注12)。国际货币基金组织2019年4月发布的《世界经济展望》报告，将2019年全球经济增长预期从2018年预计的3.6%下调至3.3%，并表示经贸摩擦可能会进一步抑制全球经济增长，继续削弱本已疲弱的投资(注13)。

　　Second, the US measures threaten global economic growth. With the shadow of the international financial crisis still lingering over the global economy, the US government has escalated economic and trade friction and hiked additional tariffs, provoking corresponding measures by the countries involved. This disrupts global economic and trade order, dampens world economic recovery, and undermines the development of companies and the well-being of people in all countries, plunging the world economy into the “recession trap”.

　　三是扰乱全球产业链、供应链。中美都是全球产业链、供应链的重要环节。中国对美出口的最终产品中包含大量从他国进口的中间产品和零部件。美国对来自中国的进口产品加征关税，受害的将是包括美国企业在内的与中国企业合作的众多跨国公司。加征关税措施导致供应链成本人为增加，影响供应链的稳定和安全。部分企业被迫调整供应链全球布局，全球资源无法实现最佳配置。

　　Third, the US moves disrupt global industrial and supply chains. China and the US are both key links in global industrial and supply chains. Given the large volume of intermediary goods and components from other countries in Chinese end-products exported to the US, US tariff hikes will hurt all the multinationals – not least those from the US – that work with Chinese companies. The tariff measures artificially drive up the costs of supply chains, and undermine their stability and security. As a result, some businesses are forced to readjust their global supply chains at the expense of optimal resource allocation.

　　可以预见，美国最新采取的对华关税升级措施，不但解决不了问题，还将进一步损害各方利益，中国对此坚决反对。近期，美国政府以所谓国家安全的“莫须有”名义，连续对华为等多家中国企业实施“长臂管辖”制裁，中国同样坚决反对。

　　It is foreseeable that the latest US tariff hikes on China, far from resolving issues, will only make things worse for all sides. China stands firm in opposition. Recently, the US administration imposed “long-arm jurisdiction” and sanctions against Huawei and other Chinese companies on the fabricated basis of national security, to which China is also firmly opposed.

　　二、美国在中美经贸磋商中出尔反尔、不讲诚信

　　II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations

　　美国挑起经贸摩擦后，中国不得不采取应对措施，两国贸易、投资关系受到影响。双方从两国人民福祉需要、从各自经济发展需要出发，都认为有必要坐下来进行谈判，通过磋商解决问题。自2018年2月经贸磋商启动以来，已取得很大进展，两国就大部分内容达成共识，但磋商也经历了几次波折，每次波折都源于美国的违背共识、出尔反尔、不讲诚信。

　　In response to the economic and trade friction started by the US, China has been forced to take countermeasures, as bilateral trade and investment relations took a hit. For the well-being of the Chinese and American people and the economic development of the two countries, both sides deemed it necessary to come to the negotiating table to seek a solution through consultation. Since they were launched in February 2018, the economic and trade consultations have come a long way with the two sides agreeing on most parts of the deal. But the consultations have not been free of setbacks, each of them being the result of a US breach of consensus and commitments, and backtracking.

　　(一)第一次出尔反尔

　　(I) The first US backtracking

　　中国从一开始就主张，中美经贸摩擦应通过谈判磋商解决。2018年2月初，美国政府提出希望中国派高级别代表团赴美进行经贸磋商。中国展示了极大诚意，作出积极努力，先后与美国举行了数轮高级别经贸磋商，重点就贸易不平衡等问题深入交换意见，并就扩大自美国进口农产品、能源产品等初步达成共识，取得重要进展。但是，2018年3月22日，美国政府抛出所谓对华“301调查”报告，对中国提出“盗窃知识产权”“强制技术转让”等不实指责，并基于此宣称将对从中国进口的价值500亿美元商品加征25%关税。

　　China had advocated resolving economic and trade friction through negotiation and consultation from the start. In early February 2018, the US government expressed the wish that China send a high-level delegation to the US to engage in economic and trade consultation. Demonstrating great goodwill and positive efforts, China held several rounds of high-level economic and trade consultations with the US, characterized by in-depth exchanges of views on trade imbalance among other major issues. The two sides made substantial progress as they reached preliminary consensus on expanding China’s imports of agricultural and energy products from the US. However, on March 22, 2018, the US government unveiled the so-called report on Section 301 investigation of China, falsely accusing China of “IP theft” and “forced technology transfer”, and subsequently announced an additional tariff of 25 percent on US$50 billion of Chinese exports to the US.

　　(二)第二次出尔反尔

　　(II) The second US backtracking

　　中国政府以两国关系大局为重，再次派出工作团队同美国进行了认真磋商。2018年5月19日，中美发布联合声明，达成了“双方不打贸易战”的共识，同意继续保持高层沟通，积极寻求解决各自关注的经贸问题。美国公开表示，暂停推进对华加征关税计划。2018年5月29日，美国政府不顾国内工商界和广大民众的反对，在双方发布联合声明仅10天后就推翻磋商共识，对中国的经济体制、贸易政策横加指责，宣布将继续推进加征关税计划。自2018年7月初以来，美国分三次对500亿美元中国输美商品加征25%的关税、对2000亿美元中国输美商品加征10%的关税，并称自2019年1月1日起将税率提高至25%。美国还威胁要对剩余所有中国输美商品加征关税，导致两国间的经贸摩擦快速升级。中国为捍卫国家尊严和人民利益，不得不作出必要反应，累计对1100亿美元美国输华商品加征关税。

　　Taking a big-picture view of the bilateral relationship, the Chinese government sent a working team again to the US to engage in genuine consultations. On May 19, 2018, China and the US issued a joint statement, agreeing to refrain from fighting a trade war, to continue high-level communications, and to actively seek solutions to respective economic and trade concerns. The US publicly announced that it would suspend the plan for additional tariffs on Chinese goods. On May 29, 2018, despite the opposition of its domestic business community and the general public, the US administration tore up the consensus just ten days after the joint statement, gratuitously criticizing China’s economic system and trade policy, while announcing the resumption of the tariff program. Starting from early July 2018, in three steps, the US imposed additional tariffs of 25 percent on Chinese exports worth US$50 billion, and additional tariffs of 10 percent on US$200 billion of Chinese exports, which, according to the US, would be raised to 25 percent on January 1, 2019. In addition, the US threatened further tariffs on all remaining Chinese exports, leading to quick escalation of the economic and trade friction between the two countries. In defense of its national dignity and its people’s interests, China had to respond in kind and raised tariffs on imports worth US$110 billion from the US.