政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国性别平等与妇女发展》

　　Maternal and child health services have become more equitable and accessible. The state has implemented basic public health service projects and major public health service projects on maternal and child health, doing all it can to improve the systematic management of pregnant and lying-in women, regulate service behavior, improve service quality, and make access to maternal and child health services more equal. By 2014, 90 percent of pregnant and lying-in women had access to basic public health services. The state has implemented major projects to subsidize hospital childbirths for rural pregnant and lying-in women, benefiting 57.12 million. The national hospital birth rate increased from 72.9 percent in 2000 to 99.6 percent in 2014, and the same rate in the countryside grew from 65.2 percent in 2000 to 99.4 percent in 2014.

　　In 2009, the state launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer check-ups for rural women, providing free cervical cancer check-up for 42.87 million and free breast cancer check-up for 6.13 million, in addition to extending medical treatment to 31,077 women having financial difficulties. The state has carried out major projects on AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B, preventing mother-to-child transmission; 60.53 million pregnant women have benefited from the examination or treatment. It has also held women’s health programs such as the Chinese Women’s Health Initiative, while extending support to social organizations in organizing various forms of activities promoting women’s health.

　　妇女生殖保健服务进一步加强。保障妇女在整个生命周期享有良好的生殖保健服务，开展妇女病普查普治，提供青春期保健和老年期保健服务。落实计划生育免费技术服务政策，推进避孕方法知情选择，减少非意愿妊娠。持续打击和查处非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠行为。为流动妇女提供健康教育、预防接种、孕产妇保健等基本公共卫生服务，积极推进流动人口计划生育基本公共服务均等化试点。

　　Reproductive health services for women have been further strengthened. The state guarantees that women enjoy good reproductive health services throughout the life cycle, such as conducting general surveillance and treatment of gynecological diseases, and providing adolescent and old-age healthcare. It has implemented the policy of free technical services for family planning, promoted informed choice of contraceptive methods and reduced unintentional pregnancies. It has kept investigating and preventing fetal sex identification for non-medical needs and sex-selective pregnancy termination. It has provided health education, vaccination, maternal health care and other basic public health services for women in the floating population, and has launched pilot programs to ensure equal access to family planning and other basic public services by women in the floating population.

　　妇女健康水平进一步提高。妇女平均预期寿命延长，2010年达到77.4岁，比2000年提高4.1岁。孕产妇死亡率大幅降低，由1990年的88.8/10万下降到2014年的21.7/10万，提前实现联合国千年发展目标。城乡和地区间孕产妇死亡率差距进一步缩小，孕产妇死亡率城乡差距由2000年的2.4倍缩小为2014年的1.08倍;2000年西部地区孕产妇死亡率是东部地区的5.4倍，2014年缩小到2.6倍。中国被世界卫生组织列为妇幼健康高绩效的10个国家之一。

　　Women’s health has further improved. Women’s average life expectancy grew to 77.4 years in 2010, an increase of 4.1 years over 2000. The maternal mortality rate has fallen significantly, from 88.8 per 100,000 in 1990 to 21.7 per 100,000 in 2014, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. The gap in maternal mortality rate between urban and rural areas and between different regions has been further narrowed: The rural-urban gap decreased from a factor of 2.4 in 2000 to 1.08 in 2014. In 2000, the maternal mortality rate of western China was 5.4 times that of eastern China; the figure dropped to 2.6 times in 2014. The World Health Organization lists China as one of the 10 countries with high performance in maternal and child health.

　　五、妇女与决策管理

　　V. Women and Decision Making

　　中国制定和实施相关法律法规和政策规划，保障妇女享有与男性平等的政治权利，妇女参政比例进一步提高，在国家和社会事务决策和管理中的作用增强。

　　China has formulated and implemented laws, regulations and policy outlines to ensure that women enjoy equal political rights with men, which has resulted in a higher level of female participation in politics and a greater role played by women in decision making and management of state and social affairs.

　　完善促进妇女参与决策和管理的法律政策。制定和实施促进妇女参与决策和管理的积极措施，妇女参与决策和管理的人数和比例不断提高。各地制定的妇女权益保障法实施办法和选举法实施细则，普遍对地方各级人大代表候选人中的女性比例作出明确规定。国家制定专项规划，明确培养选拔女干部的目标指标和工作要求，并采取具体措施，提高各级女干部的人数和比例。《中华人民共和国村委会组织法》规定，“妇女村民代表应当占村民代表会议组成人员的三分之一以上”。《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》提出，到2020年“村委会成员中女性比例达到30%以上。村委会主任中女性比例达到10%以上”“居委会成员中女性比例保持在50%左右”。2013年出台的《村民委员会选举规程》具体规定，“候选人中应当有适当的妇女名额，没有产生妇女候选人的，以得票最多的妇女为候选人”，并采取一系列措施提高村民委员会中的女性比例。

　　Improving laws and policies that boost women’s participation in decision making and management. China has formulated and implemented proactive measures to boost women’s participation in decision making and management, which, in turn, has helped increase the number and proportion of women in decision-making and managerial positions. The detailed implementation rules of the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women and the Electoral Law adopted by various places across China all include explicit provisions on the proportion of women candidates to local people’s congresses. The state has formulated a special plan that defines the goals of and requirements for training and selection of women officials, and has taken concrete measures to increase the number and proportion of women officials at various levels. The Organic Law of the Village Committees of the People’s Republic of China rules that “female villager representatives should make up more than one third of the village committee.” The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) states that “by 2020, the percentage of women in village committees will exceed 30 percent, and that female village committee heads should exceed 10 percent”; and that “the ratio in neighborhood committees should be around 50 percent.” The Election Procedure of Village Committees issued in 2013 specifies that “village committee candidate lists should include a certain number of women; if not, those women who get the most votes should be candidates.” This show that a number of measures has been adopted to improve the representation of women in village committees.

　　妇女参与决策和管理的比例提高。重视发挥妇女在人民代表大会中的作用，提高妇女在各级人民代表大会代表中的比例。2013年十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议女代表比例为23.4%，比20年前提高了2.4个百分点;少数民族妇女代表占少数民族代表的41.3%。注重提高妇女在社会主义协商民主中的参与度，重视发挥政协妇联界和女委员作用。2013年全国政协十二届一次会议女委员比例为17.8%，比20年前提高了4.1个百分点。中国共产党女党员的比例显著提高，2013年为24.3%，比1995年增加了8.7个百分点。各民主党派女性成员比例均高于20年前。妇女参与国家公共事务管理的人数不断增加。2013年中央机关及直属机构录用的公务员中女性比例为47.8%。近年来，地方新录用公务员中女性比例不断提高。

　　Women’s participation in decision making and management has markedly improved. China values the role of women in people’s congresses by improving their representation in the ranks of deputies to people’s congresses at various levels. The ratio of women deputies to the first session of the 12th National People’s Congress in 2013 was 23.4 percent, 2.4 percentage points higher than 20 years ago; ethnic minority women deputies made up 41.3 percent of the total number of ethnic minority deputies. China sets store on improving women’s participation in socialist consultative democracy and the role of representatives of women’s federations and women delegates to the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The proportion of women members at the first session of the 12th CPPCC national committee in 2013 was 17.8 percent, 4.1 percentage points higher than 20 years ago. The ratio of female CPC members also markedly increased, reaching 24.3 percent, an increase of 8.7 percentage points from 1995. The ratio of women members in all other political parties (other than the CPC) is higher than 20 years ago. The number of women participating in the management of state public affairs keeps increasing. In 2013, the female employment ratio in central government agencies and their subsidiaries reached 47.8 percent. In recent years, the number of newly employed women civil servants has also increased steadily at local levels.

　　妇女广泛参与基层民主建设。2013年，村委会成员中的女性比例为22.7%，比2000年提高了7个百分点;村委会主任和村民代表中的女性比例也明显提高，妇女成为农村基层治理的重要力量。2013年，居委会成员中的女性比例为48.4%，主任中的女性比例为41.5%。女职工积极参与企业民主管理和监督。2014年，工会会员中女性占38.1%，企业职代会职工代表中女代表比例为29.3%，在企业董事会、监事会中，女职工董事、监事占职工董事和监事的比例分别为40.1%和41.5%。

　　Women’s extensive participation in the development of grassroots democracy. In 2013, female representation in village committees was 22.7 percent, an increase of 7 percentage points from 2000; the ratio of women as village committee heads and representatives also increased significantly, making women an important force in primary-level rural governance. In 2013, women made up 48.4 percent of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees represented 41.5 percent. Female employees also play an active part in democratic management and supervision in enterprises. In 2014, female workers represented 38.1percent of the trade union members, female employee representatives accounted for 29.3 percent of workers’ congresses, and female representatives made up 40.1 percent and 41.5 percent of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.

　　妇女和妇女组织在国家民主政治建设中的影响力日益增强。支持鼓励妇女有序参与国家和社会事务管理，不断拓宽参与的范围和途径。人大女代表、政协女委员积极参政议政，密切关注性别平等议题，积极提出议案、建议和提案，推动解决性别平等和妇女发展问题。注重将性别平等纳入决策，各级女领导干部在决策管理中发挥重要作用。妇联组织代表妇女参与立法协商和协商民主，推动将性别平等纳入法律、法规和政策的制定与执行，在妇女权益保障法、反家庭暴力法等法律制定和修订中，积极推动立法体现性别平等原则。妇女组织是基层社会治理的重要力量。近年来，妇联组织依托村级组织和社区活动场所建立70余万个“妇女之家”，在密切联系和服务妇女群众、参与基层社会治理中发挥了重要作用。其他妇女组织也积极参与民主管理和民主监督。

　　The influence of women and women’s organizations in the development of the country’s democratic politics keeps growing. China supports and encourages women to take part in the management of state and social affairs in an orderly manner by expanding the scope and channels for such participation. Women deputies to people’s congresses and the CPPCC women members have taken an active part in the administration and discussion of state affairs by actively introducing bills, suggestions and motions to help improve gender equality and women’s development. The state sets store by gender equality in decision making, enabling leading women officials to play an important role in decision making and management. Women’s federations participate in legislation and consultative democracy. They have pressed for incorporating gender equality in the formulation and implementation of policies, laws and regulations, and urged to give expression to the principle of gender equality in the formulation and amendment of the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women and the Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China. Women’s organizations are a force of growing importance in primary level social governance. In recent years, using the venues of rural village committees and urban communities, women’s federations have established more than 700,000 service centers (known as “Women’s Home”) to connect and serve women effectively, and to help with primary level social governance. Other women’s organizations also take an active part in democratic governance and supervision.

　　六、妇女与环境

　　VI. Women and the Environment

　　中国重视营造促进性别平等的社会文化环境，创造健康安全的自然环境，倡导平等和谐的文明家风，为妇女的生存发展创造良好条件。妇女在社会文化培育、生态环境保护和家庭建设中的独特作用日益凸显。

　　China attaches great importance to creating a social and cultural environment conducive to boosting gender equality; through building a healthy and safe natural environment and fostering equal and harmonious family traditions, sound conditions have been created for women’s development. Women are playing an increasingly prominent unique role in the fostering of social culture, protection of the ecological environment and family management.

　　营造尊重妇女和两性平等发展的社会环境。各级党政部门、妇联组织及其他社会组织通过宣传倡导、教育培训、座谈研讨等多种形式，全方位、多渠道宣传男女平等基本国策，提升全社会性别平等意识。各级党政领导带头宣讲国策，发表署名文章，作专题报告，表明促进性别平等的意愿和行动。制定促进两性和谐发展的文化和传媒政策，禁止性别歧视。加强对传媒的正面引导和管理，培训媒体从业者，增强性别平等意识。完善传媒监管机制，监督新闻媒体和广告经营者严格自律，禁止在媒体中出现贬抑、否定妇女独立人格的歧视现象。大力宣传妇女在经济社会发展中的积极贡献。妇女在媒体领域发挥了重要作用，截至2014年底，持有新闻记者证的女性采编人员比例为44.1%。

　　Creating a social environment in which women are respected and gender equality is upheld. The Party and government departments, women’s federations and other social organizations at various levels promote the basic national policy of gender equality through various means, such as publicity campaigns, training courses and seminars. Leading Party and government officials at various levels have taken the lead in writing and publishing articles and making speeches to promote gender equality. China has developed cultural and media policies aimed to boost harmonious development between men and women and prohibit gender discrimination. The state has enhanced guidance and management of the media and has trained media workers to enhance their awareness of gender equality. China has improved supervision to ensure news media and advertising agents exercise strict self-discipline and avoid any discrimination against women in the media by depreciating or denying their independent personality. China has vigorously publicized the positive contribution made by women to economic and social development. Women are playing an important role in the media. By the end of 2014, female journalists and editors had made up 44.1 percent of qualified staff in this area.

　　妇女的精神文化生活日益丰富。公共文化服务体系建设注重面向妇女群体，满足妇女的精神文化需求。全国范围内免费开放博物馆、美术馆、公共图书馆、文化馆和文化站等文化场所，不断发展数字图书馆，妇女的文化生活资源更加丰富。大力推动信息通信技术发展，为妇女文化交流与创新提供了新平台，截至2014年12月，中国女性网民共有2.83亿，占网民总数的43.6%。妇女休闲方式和内容更加多元。开展“亿万妇女健身活动”，妇女健身活动规模不断扩大。最新一期中国妇女社会地位调查显示，有55.2%的女性主动参加体育锻炼。

　　Women’s cultural life is being enriched. Public cultural services target women with the intention of satisfying their cultural demands. Museums, galleries, libraries and cultural centers nationwide are open to the public for free, and digital libraries are being developed, thus increasing women’s access to culture. Major efforts have been made to boost the development of information technology, providing women with new platforms for cultural communication and innovation. By December 2014, Chinese women netizens numbered 283 million, accounting for 43.6 percent of the total netizens. Women have ever-increasing leisure opportunities. Fitness campaigns have been directed at hundreds of millions of women, and such activities are still gaining momentum. According to a recent survey of Chinese women’s social status, 55.2 percent of women are taking an active part in physical exercises.

　　妇女生活环境得到明显改善。《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》提出改水改厕等与妇女生产生活密切相关的主要目标。目前，全国农村卫生厕所普及率由2000年的40.3%提高到2013年的74.1%，农村改水受益人数累计达9亿，改水累计受益率达95.6%，农村自来水普及率由2000年的55.2%提高到2013年的76.4%，改善了妇女生产生活环境，减轻了生产生活负担。重视发挥妇女在生态文明建设中的作用。更多妇女进入环保领域，为保护生态环境、应对气候变化、维护能源资源安全作出了积极贡献。全国人大环境与资源保护委员会的女委员、各级政府分管环境的女市长和女环保局长人数不断增加。截至2014年底，环境保护部机关女干部比例为31.2%。倡导妇女参与节能减排，践行低碳生活。妇女积极参与环境保护，以女性为主导的环保组织日益增多。

　　The everyday environment for women is being markedly improved. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) set goals for improving water supply services and toilets that have a positive impact on women’s daily and working life. Access to sanitary toilets in rural areas increased from 40.3 percent in 2000 to 74.1 percent in 2013. Improved water supply in rural areas has benefitted a total of 900 million people, with accumulative benefit rate of 95.6 percent. Access to tap water in rural areas increased from 55.2 percent in 2000 to 76.4 percent in 2013. All these changes have helped improve the living environment of women and reduced their daily burden. China sets store by highlighting the role of women in building a conservation culture. More and more women are involved in environmental protection, making their contribution to protecting the ecological environment, addressing climate change and maintaining energy and resource security. The number of female members in the NPC Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee, female mayors in charge of environmental protection and female heads of environmental protection bureaus has kept increasing. By the end of 2014, female officials working at the Ministry of Environmental Protection accounted for 31.2 percent of the total. Women are encouraged to participate in energy conservation and emission reduction efforts, and to adopt low-carbon lifestyle. Women take part in environmental protection with enthusiasm, and environmental protection organizations with women playing a dominant role are on the rise.

　　营造和谐、平等的家庭环境。国家人口发展“十二五”规划将促进性别平等、家庭和谐、倡导婚姻自由平等作为主要任务，促进家庭成员的平等发展。一些地方法规对女职工产假、男职工护理假及津贴作出明确规定，支持男女平衡工作与家庭、夫妻共担家庭责任。探索开展妇女与婚姻家庭社会工作，完善妇女社会支持系统。实施“关爱女孩行动”，改变传统男孩偏好的文化习俗。建立健全社会养老服务体系，老年妇女的生活条件得到改善，生活质量不断提高，贫困、丧偶和独居老年妇女得到特殊关照。积极开展“五好文明家庭”和“寻找最美家庭”等家庭文化建设活动，宣传倡导文明家风。20年来，婚姻家庭中的性别平等状况明显改善。最新一期中国妇女社会地位调查显示，夫妻共同决策家庭事务成为趋势，70%以上的妇女参与家庭重大事务决策。越来越多的妇女能够平等分享家庭资源，男女共同分担家务的观念得到更多认同，两性家务劳动时间差距由10年前的150分钟缩短到74分钟。

　　Building a harmonious and equal family environment. The 12th five-year plan for population development takes gender equality, family harmony and freedom and equality in marriage as its major goals. Some local regulations contain explicit provisions on maternity leave for female employees and nursing leave and subsidies for male employees, to support husbands and wives in balancing work and family and jointly sharing family responsibilities. China has conducted social studies of the relationship between women, marriage and family to improve the social support system for women. It has initiated “Care for Girls Action” to challenge the tradition of favoring boys. China has set up and improved systems of services for the elderly to ensure that elderly women’s living conditions and quality of life are improved, and that impoverished, widowed and elderly women living alone are given special care. China actively launches campaigns to find “Model Family” and “The Most Harmonious Family” to foster the best family traditions. Over the past 20 years, a marked improvement has been seen in gender equality in marriages and families. The recent survey of Chinese women’s social status shows that it has become the norm for husbands and wives to make family decisions jointly, and that more than 70 percent of women have taken part in making major family decisions. More and more women can share family resources on an equal basis with men, and the concept of men and women sharing housework is now accepted, with the housework time gap between men and women shortened from 150 minutes 10 years ago to 74 minutes now.

　　七、性别平等与妇女发展的法治保障

　　VII. Legal Guarantees for Gender Equality and Women’s Development

　　中国加快建设社会主义法治国家，全面推进依法治国，探索创新中国特色社会主义妇女权益保障机制，形成了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础，《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》为主体，包括国家各种单行法律法规、地方性法规和政府规章在内的保障妇女权益和促进性别平等的法律体系。

　　By accelerating the building of a socialist country under the rule of law, comprehensively promoting the rule of law and exploring socialist mechanisms safeguarding women’s rights and interests, China has put in place a legal system for protecting women’s rights and interests and promoting gender equality that is based on the Constitution, takes the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women as the core and encompasses various specific state laws and regulations, local regulations and government rules and regulations.

　　保障妇女权益的法律法规不断完善。20年间，先后制定和修改婚姻法、人口与计划生育法、就业促进法、村民委员会组织法、社会保险法、妇女权益保障法、女职工劳动保护特别规定等20多部法律法规。31个省(区、市)修订妇女权益保障法实施办法。反对针对妇女暴力的立法取得重大进展。29个省(区、市)制定了预防和制止家庭暴力的地方性法规或政策。2015年8月，十二届全国人大常委会第十六次会议对《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法(草案)》进行第一次审议。2005年修订的妇女权益保障法增加了禁止对妇女实施性骚扰的规定，2012年颁布实施的《女职工劳动保护特别规定》明确要求用人单位应当预防和制止对女职工的性骚扰。2015年8月通过的《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(九)》加强对女性特别是幼女的保护，更加有力地惩处强奸幼女、拐卖妇女儿童的犯罪行为。

　　Laws and regulations protecting women’s rights and interests have been constantly improved. Over the past two decades, more than 20 laws and regulations have been enacted and revised, including the Marriage Law, Population and Family Planning Law, Employment Promotion Law, Organic Law of the Villagers Committees, Social Insurance Law, Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women, and Special Regulations on the Labor Protection of Female Employees. The 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government on China’s mainland have revised their measures for implementing the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women. Major progress has been made in legislation addressing violence against women. Twenty-nine provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) have formulated local regulations or policies to prevent and prohibit domestic violence. In August 2015, the 16th session of China’s 12th NPC Standing Committee conducted the first review of the Anti-domestic Violence Law (Draft). An article addressing sexual harassment against women was added to the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women revised in 2005, and the Special Regulations on the Labor Protection of Female Employees formulated and implemented in 2012 clearly stipulate that employers should prevent and prohibit sexual harassment against female employees. The Amendment IX to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China approved in August 2015 strengthened protection of women, especially of girls under the age of 14, and specified harsher punishments for the crimes of raping girls under the age of 14 and abducting and trafficking in women and children.

　　保障妇女权益的执法力度不断加大。全国人大常委会重视开展妇女权益保障法等相关法律的执法检查和专题调研，督促各级政府部门严格执法。加大对用人单位和人力资源服务机构的检查力度，依法查处侵害女职工合法权益的劳动保障违法行为，促进妇女平等就业。2013年，国务院发布《中国反对拐卖人口行动计划(2013-2020年)》，进一步完善部门联动协作机制。公安机关坚决打击暴力侵害妇女的违法犯罪行为。2013年，共破获强奸案件25852起，破获拐卖妇女案件4537起。加强国际司法协作，开展国际合作项目，严厉打击跨国跨区域的拐卖妇女儿童犯罪。