政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《新时代的中国能源发展》

　　The development and utilization of non-fossil energy is a major element of transitioning to a low-carbon and eco-friendly energy system. China gives priority to non-fossil energy, and strives to substitute low-carbon for high-carbon energy and renewable for fossil energy.

　　推动太阳能多元化利用。按照技术进步、成本降低、扩大市场、完善体系的原则，全面推进太阳能多方式、多元化利用。统筹光伏发电的布局与市场消纳，集中式与分布式并举开展光伏发电建设，实施光伏发电“领跑者”计划，采用市场竞争方式配置项目，加快推动光伏发电技术进步和成本降低，光伏产业已成为具有国际竞争力的优势产业。完善光伏发电分布式应用的电网接入等服务机制，推动光伏与农业、养殖、治沙等综合发展，形成多元化光伏发电发展模式。通过示范项目建设推进太阳能热发电产业化发展，为相关产业链的发展提供市场支撑。推动太阳能热利用不断拓展市场领域和利用方式，在工业、商业、公共服务等领域推广集中热水工程，开展太阳能供暖试点。

　　Facilitating the use of solar energy. In line with the principles of driving technological progress, reducing costs, expanding the market and improving the system, China is promoting the use of solar energy in an all-round way. It makes overall planning of geographical layout of solar PV generation bases and market accommodation, with emphasis on both centralized and decentralized power generation. It has implemented a “leader board” incentive to encourage solar PV power generation, and allowed projects to be allocated through market competition, so as to accelerate progress in relevant technologies and reduce costs. As a result, China’s solar PV industry has become internationally competitive. The country is improving grid access and other services for decentralized solar PV power generation, and coordinating the development of solar PV power, agriculture, animal husbandry, and desertification control to form a diversified model of solar PV power generation. China is also industrializing solar thermal power generation through demonstration projects, and providing market support for related industrial chains. It has expanded the market for and utilization of solar thermal energy, and introduced centralized hot water projects in industry, commerce and public services to pilot solar heating.

　　全面协调推进风电开发。按照统筹规划、集散并举、陆海齐进、有效利用的原则，在做好风电开发与电力送出和市场消纳衔接的前提下，有序推进风电开发利用和大型风电基地建设。积极开发中东部分散风能资源。积极稳妥发展海上风电。优先发展平价风电项目，推行市场化竞争方式配置风电项目。以风电的规模化开发利用促进风电制造产业发展，风电制造产业的创新能力和国际竞争力不断提升，产业服务体系逐步完善。

　　Developing wind power. On the basis of balancing wind power development with power transmission and accommodation, China is taking steps to exploit wind power and building large-scale wind power bases. Based on the principles of overall planning and coordination, and efficient utilization and development of centralized and decentralized wind power both onshore and offshore, it is taking active measures to develop decentralized wind energy in the middle and eastern parts of the country, and offshore wind farms. It gives priority to wind power projects that deliver electricity at affordable prices, and encourages project allocation through market-oriented competition. China also promotes wind power production through large-scale development and utilization of wind power, which helps to boost industry innovation and international competitiveness, and improve the industrial service system.

　　推进水电绿色发展。坚持生态优先、绿色发展，在做好生态环境保护和移民安置的前提下，科学有序推进水电开发，做到开发与保护并重、建设与管理并重。以西南地区主要河流为重点，有序推进流域大型水电基地建设，合理控制中小水电开发。推进小水电绿色发展，加大对实施河流生态修复的财政投入，促进河流生态健康。完善水电开发移民利益共享政策，坚持水电开发促进地方经济社会发展和移民脱贫致富，努力做到“开发一方资源、发展一方经济、改善一方环境、造福一方百姓”。

　　Developing green hydropower. China considers eco-environmental conservation to be a priority and pursues green development. While protecting the eco-environment and relocating the residents, China develops hydropower in a rational and orderly way, giving equal importance to development and conservation, and emphasizing on both the construction and consequent management of the facilities. Focusing on major rivers in the southwest, China is building large hydropower bases and controlling the construction of small and medium-sized hydropower stations in the basin areas. China seeks the green development of small hydropower stations, and has increased investment in river ecology restoration. It is also improving policies for relocated residents to share the benefits from hydropower projects, thus giving a boost to local economic and social development and helping the relocated population get out of poverty. As in any resource development program, the goals are always set for a better economy, better environment, and better benefits for the people.

　　安全有序发展核电。中国将核安全作为核电发展的生命线，坚持发展与安全并重，实行安全有序发展核电的方针，加强核电规划、选址、设计、建造、运行和退役等全生命周期管理和监督，坚持采用最先进的技术、最严格的标准发展核电。完善多层次核能、核安全法规标准体系，加强核应急预案和法制、体制、机制建设，形成有效应对核事故的国家核应急能力体系。强化核安保与核材料管制，严格履行核安保与核不扩散国际义务，始终保持着良好的核安保记录。迄今为止在运核电机组总体安全状况良好，未发生国际核事件分级2级及以上的事件或事故。

　　Developing safe and structured nuclear power. Nuclear security is the lifeline in developing nuclear power. China attaches equal importance to safety and the orderly development of nuclear power. It has strengthened whole-life management and supervision of nuclear power planning, site selection, design, construction, operation, and decommissioning, and adopted the most advanced technologies and strictest standards for the nuclear power industry. China is improving the multilevel system of regulations and standards on nuclear energy and safety and strengthening relevant emergency plans, legal system, institutions and mechanisms, in its effort to establish a national emergency system that effectively responds to nuclear accidents. China has strengthened nuclear security and nuclear material control, rigorously fulfilling its international obligations towards nuclear security and non-proliferation, and keeping a good nuclear security record. So far, the nuclear power units in operation are generally safe, and there have been no incidents or accidents of level 2 or above on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale.

　　因地制宜发展生物质能、地热能和海洋能。采用符合环保标准的先进技术发展城镇生活垃圾焚烧发电，推动生物质发电向热电联产转型升级。积极推进生物天然气产业化发展和农村沼气转型升级。坚持不与人争粮、不与粮争地的原则，严格控制燃料乙醇加工产能扩张，重点提升生物柴油产品品质，推进非粮生物液体燃料技术产业化发展。创新地热能开发利用模式，开展地热能城镇集中供暖，建设地热能高效开发利用示范区，有序开展地热能发电。积极推进潮流能、波浪能等海洋能技术研发和示范应用。

　　Developing biomass, geothermal and ocean energy in accordance with local conditions. China is adopting advanced technologies that meet environmental protection standards to generate power by means of urban solid waste incineration, and upgrading biomass power generation to cogeneration of heat and power. It is growing biogas into an industry and transforming methane use in rural areas. In industrializing liquid bio-fuel production by means of non-food biomass, it avoids using crops as raw materials and occupying arable land, strictly controls the expansion of fuel ethanol processing capacity, and focuses on improving the quality of biodiesel products. China is engaged in innovative geothermal power generation, providing urban central heating, and building demonstration zones for efficient production and utilization. It is also reinforcing R&D and pilot demonstrations on harnessing ocean power such as tidal and wave energy.

　　全面提升可再生能源利用率。完善可再生能源发电全额保障性收购制度。实施清洁能源消纳行动计划，多措并举促进清洁能源利用。提高电力规划整体协调性，优化电源结构和布局，充分发挥市场调节功能，形成有利于可再生能源利用的体制机制，全面提升电力系统灵活性和调节能力。实行可再生能源电力消纳保障机制，对各省、自治区、直辖市行政区域按年度确定电力消费中可再生能源应达到的最低比重指标，要求电力销售企业和电力用户共同履行可再生能源电力消纳责任。发挥电网优化资源配置平台作用，促进源网荷储互动协调，完善可再生能源电力消纳考核和监管机制。可再生能源电力利用率显著提升，2019年全国平均风电利用率达96%、光伏发电利用率达98%、主要流域水能利用率达96%。

　　Increasing the overall utilization rate of renewable energy. China guarantees full acquisition of all renewable energy generated. It has implemented a clean energy accommodation action plan and is adopting various measures to promote the use of clean energy. It is improving the overall planning of the power sector, optimizing the power supply structure and layout, and allowing the market to function as a regulator, to form institutional mechanisms conducive to the use of renewable energy and make the power system more flexible and better at coordinating energy use.

　　China has put in place a mechanism for accommodating power generated from renewable energy, which determines on an annual basis the minimum proportion of renewable energy to be consumed in each province and equivalent administrative unit, and requires suppliers and users to work together to achieve this goal. The country uses the power grid as a platform for optimizing resource allocation. It facilitates optimal interaction and coordination of power source-grid-load-storage, and improves the appraisal and supervision of different sectors in accommodating power generated from renewable energy. Renewable energy use rate has increased significantly: In 2019 the national average consumption rate of wind power was 96 percent, that of solar PV power was 98 percent, and that of water energy in major river basins reached 96 percent.

　　(二)清洁高效开发利用化石能源

　　2. Promoting Clean and Efficient Development and Utilization of Fossil Energy

　　根据国内资源禀赋，以资源环境承载力为基础，统筹化石能源开发利用与生态环境保护，有序发展先进产能，加快淘汰落后产能，推进煤炭清洁高效利用，提升油气勘探开发力度，促进增储上产，提高油气自给能力。

　　China coordinates the development and utilization of fossil energy and eco-environmental protection in accordance with its resource endowment and the bearing capacity of natural resources and the environment. It promotes advanced production capacity while phasing out outdated capacity. It also promotes the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the exploration and development of oil and gas, and works to increase reserves and production, so as to be more self-sufficient in oil and gas.

　　推进煤炭安全智能绿色开发利用。努力建设集约、安全、高效、清洁的煤炭工业体系。推进煤炭供给侧结构性改革，完善煤炭产能置换政策，加快淘汰落后产能，有序释放优质产能，煤炭开发布局和产能结构大幅优化，大型现代化煤矿成为煤炭生产主体。2016年至2019年，累计退出煤炭落后产能9亿吨/年以上。加大安全生产投入，健全安全生产长效机制，加快煤矿机械化、自动化、信息化、智能化建设，全面提升煤矿安全生产效率和安全保障水平。推进大型煤炭基地绿色化开采和改造，发展煤炭洗选加工，发展矿区循环经济，加强矿区生态环境治理，建成一批绿色矿山，资源综合利用水平全面提升。实施煤炭清洁高效利用行动，煤炭消费中发电用途占比进一步提升。煤制油气、低阶煤分质利用等煤炭深加工产业化示范取得积极进展。

　　Facilitating the safe, smart and green utilization of coal. China strives to build an intensive, safe, efficient and clean coal industry. It is furthering supply-side structural reform in the industry, improving the coal production capacity replacement policy, speeding up the decommissioning of outdated production facilities, and releasing high-quality capacity in an orderly manner. As a result, the configuration and production capacity of the coal mining sector have seen notable improvement, and large modern coalmines have become the mainstay. From 2016 to 2019, China cut more than 900 million tons of outdated coal production capacity per year on average. It has also increased input in production safety, and improved the mechanism to ensure workplace safety in the long run. Coalmines are becoming highly automated and intelligent by employing more machines and applying information technology, which also make them safer and more efficient. China promotes green mining at large coal bases and facilitates their green transformation by applying coal washing and processing technology, building a circular economy in mining areas and protecting the eco-environment. A number of green mines have been built with improved utilization of various resources in an all-round way. China has taken action to promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, and increased the quota of coal consumption on power generation. Progress has also been made in coal-to-liquid (CTL) and coal-to-gas (CTG), the precision utilization of low-rank coals, and other industrialized demonstration projects of intensive coal processing.

　　清洁高效发展火电。坚持清洁高效原则发展火电。推进煤电布局优化和技术升级，积极稳妥化解煤电过剩产能。建立并完善煤电规划建设风险预警机制，严控煤电规划建设，加快淘汰落后产能。截至2019年底，累计淘汰煤电落后产能超过1亿千瓦，煤电装机占总发电装机比重从2012年的65.7%下降至2019年的52%。实施煤电节能减排升级与改造行动，执行更严格能效环保标准。煤电机组发电效率、污染物排放控制达到世界先进水平。合理布局适度发展天然气发电，鼓励在电力负荷中心建设天然气调峰电站，提升电力系统安全保障水平。

　　Promoting the clean and efficient development of thermal power. China has been optimizing coal-fired power and upgrading technology to steadily reduce excess capacity. It has improved the early warning mechanism for risk control in coal-fired power planning and construction, and moved faster to phase out outdated capacity. By the end of 2019, China had phased out more than 100 million kW of outdated coal power capacity, and the ratio of coal-fired power in total power generation had dropped from 65.7 percent in 2012 to 52 percent in 2019. China has taken action to upgrade coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions, and adopted stricter standards for energy efficiency and environmental protection. The efficiency and pollutants control levels of coal-fired power units are on par with world advanced levels. China has also begun to develop natural gas power where appropriate. It encourages adding peak-shaving natural gas power stations to power load centers to improve power security.

　　提高天然气生产能力。加强基础地质调查和资源评价，加强科技创新、产业扶持，促进常规天然气增产，重点突破页岩气、煤层气等非常规天然气勘探开发，推动页岩气规模化开发，增加国内天然气供应。完善非常规天然气产业政策体系，促进页岩气、煤层气开发利用。以四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地为重点，建成多个百亿立方米级天然气生产基地。2017年以来，每年新增天然气产量超过100亿立方米。

　　Increasing the production of natural gas. In order to increase domestic natural gas supply, China has strengthened basic geological surveying and resource evaluation, and stepped up scientific and technological innovation and industrial support for conventional natural gas production. It is also making breakthroughs in unconventional natural gas exploration and development, such as shale gas and coal-bed gas, and is working on large-scale shale gas exploitation. It is improving relevant policies for the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas. Focusing on the Sichuan, Ordos and Tarim basins, it has built a number of natural gas production bases with an output of more than 10 billion cu m. Since 2017, natural gas output has been increasing by more than 10 billion cu m per year.

　　提升石油勘探开发与加工水平。加强国内勘探开发，深化体制机制改革、促进科技研发和新技术应用，加大低品位资源勘探开发力度，推进原油增储上产。发展先进采油技术，提高原油采收率，稳定松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地等东部老油田产量。以新疆地区、鄂尔多斯盆地等为重点，推进西部新油田增储上产。加强渤海、东海和南海等海域近海油气勘探开发，推进深海对外合作，2019年海上油田产量约4000万吨。推进炼油行业转型升级。实施成品油质量升级，提升燃油品质，促进减少机动车尾气污染物排放。

　　Raising the level of oil exploration, development and processing. China has strengthened domestic oil exploration and development, furthering related institutional reforms and promoting scientific and technological R&D and the application of new technologies. It has intensified the exploration and development of low-grade resources, and increased crude oil reserves and production. It has developed advanced oil recovery technologies, increased the recovery ratio of crude oil, and ensured steady output at old oilfields in the east, including the Songliao and Bohai Bay basins. Focusing on the Xinjiang region and the Ordos Basin, it has increased the reserves and production of new oilfields in the west of the country. It has also strengthened offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and are advancing deep-sea cooperation with other countries. The output of offshore oilfields was about 40 million tons in 2019. China is also transforming and upgrading its oil refining industry to produce better refined oil products and improved fuel quality, which will reduce exhaust gas pollution of vehicles.

　　(三)加强能源储运调峰体系建设

　　3. Improving the Energy Storage, Transportation and Peak-Shaving System

　　统筹发展煤电油气多种能源输运方式，构建互联互通输配网络，打造稳定可靠的储运调峰体系，提升应急保障能力。

　　China coordinates the transportation of various energy resources such as coal, electricity, oil, and gas. It has built interconnected transmission and distribution networks and established a stable and reliable energy storage, transportation and peak-shaving system, to enhance its emergency response.

　　加强能源输配网络建设。持续加强跨省跨区骨干能源输送通道建设，提升能源主要产地与主要消费区域间通达能力，促进区域优势互补、协调发展。提升既有铁路煤炭运输专线的输送能力，持续提升铁路运输比例和煤炭运输效率。推进天然气主干管道与省级管网、液化天然气接收站、储气库间互联互通，加快建设“全国一张网”，初步形成调度灵活、安全可靠的天然气输运体系。稳步推进跨省跨区输电通道建设，扩大西北、华北、东北和西南等区域清洁能源配置范围。完善区域电网主网架，加强省级区域内部电网建设。开展柔性直流输电示范工程建设，积极建设能源互联网，推动构建规模合理、分层分区、安全可靠的电力系统。

　　Strengthening energy transmission and distribution networks. China has been building cross-provincial and cross-regional key energy transmission channels, to connect major energy producing and consumption regions, and promote the complementary and coordinated development between regions. It has improved the capacity of existing railway lines for transporting coal, and seen that more coal is transported by rail with higher efficiency. It has enhanced the connectivity between main natural gas pipelines and provincial pipelines, liquefied natural gas receiving terminals, and gas storages, and is building a unified national network. A natural gas transportation system that is flexible, safe and reliable has taken shape. China has steadily built trans-provincial and trans-regional power transmission channels, and expanded the scope of clean energy allocation in the northwest, north, northeast and southwest. It has improved the main framework of the regional power grid and strengthened internal grid building at the provincial level. It has also carried out flexible HVDC pilot projects, and is working on the Internet of Energy (IoE) and a multilevel power system that is safe, reliable, and of a reasonable size.

　　健全能源储备应急体系。建立国家储备与企业储备相结合、战略储备与商业储备并举的能源储备体系，提高石油、天然气和煤炭等储备能力。完善国家石油储备体系，加快石油储备基地建设。建立健全地方政府、供气企业、管输企业、城镇燃气企业各负其责的多层次天然气储气调峰体系。完善以企业社会责任储备为主体、地方政府储备为补充的煤炭储备体系。健全国家大面积停电事件应急机制，全面提升电力供应可靠性和应急保障能力。建立健全与能源储备能力相匹配的输配保障体系，构建规范化的收储、轮换、动用体系，完善决策执行的监管机制。

　　Improving energy reserves for emergency response. China has integrated state, corporate, strategic and commercial reserves to achieve higher reserves for oil, natural gas and coal. It has improved the national oil reserve system and accelerated the construction of oil reserve bases. It has set up a multilevel natural gas storage and peak-shaving system, with local governments, gas suppliers, pipeline transportation enterprises and urban gas services fulfilling their respective responsibilities. It has also put in place a coal reserve system with enterprises playing the main part out of their social responsibility and local governments playing a supporting role. China has improved the national emergency mechanism for large-scale power outages, made power supply more reliable, and enhanced its emergency response. It has established a guarantee system for energy transmission and distribution that matches its energy reserve capacity, a standardized system for oil procurement, storage, replacement and use, and a supervisory mechanism for implementation.

　　完善能源调峰体系。坚持供给侧与需求侧并重，完善市场机制，加强技术支撑，增强调峰能力，提升能源系统综合利用效率。加快抽水蓄能电站建设，合理布局天然气调峰电站，实施既有燃煤热电联产机组、燃煤发电机组灵活性改造，改善电力系统调峰性能，促进清洁能源消纳。推动储能与新能源发电、电力系统协调优化运行，开展电化学储能等调峰试点。推进天然气储气调峰设施建设，完善天然气储气调峰辅助服务市场化机制，提升天然气调峰能力。完善电价、气价政策，引导电力、天然气用户自主参与调峰、错峰，提升需求侧响应能力。健全电力和天然气负荷可中断、可调节管理体系，挖掘需求侧潜力。

　　Enhancing the energy peak-shaving system. China attaches equal importance to the supply side and the demand side. It strives to increase the peak-shaving capacity with sound market mechanism and strong technological support, so as to use the energy system in an efficient and all-round way. It has accelerated the construction of pumped-storage power stations, built natural gas peak-shaving power stations as appropriate, and implemented power flexibility transformation projects in existing coal-fired CHP cogeneration units and coal-fired power generating units, so as to improve the peak-shaving performance of the power system, and promote clean energy accommodation. It is optimizing energy storage, power generation from new energy sources and the operation of the power system, and carrying out electrochemical energy storage and other peak-shaving pilot projects. It has promoted the construction of facilities for natural gas storage and peak shaving, improved the market-oriented mechanism of auxiliary services, and enhanced the peak-shaving capacity of natural gas. China has also improved its policies on electricity and gas prices to guide power and natural gas users to participate in peak shaving and peak shifting, so as to enhance the response on the demand side. It has improved the system for interrupting or adjusting electricity and natural gas load to tap the demand-side potential.

　　(四)支持农村及贫困地区能源发展

　　4. Supporting Energy Development in Rural and Poor Areas

　　落实乡村振兴战略，提高农村生活用能保障水平，让农村居民有更多实实在在的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

　　China has implemented the strategy of rural revitalization to improve energy security in rural areas, so that the residents can have a better sense of gain, happiness and security.

　　加快完善农村能源基础设施。让所有人都能用上电，是全面建成小康社会的基本条件。实施全面解决无电人口问题三年行动计划，2015年底全面解决了无电人口用电问题。中国高度重视农村电网改造升级，着力补齐农村电网发展短板。实施小城镇中心村农网改造升级、平原农村地区机井通电和贫困村通动力电专项工程。2018年起，重点推进深度贫困地区和抵边村寨农网改造升级攻坚。加快天然气支线管网和基础设施建设，扩大管网覆盖范围。在天然气管网未覆盖的地区推进液化天然气、压缩天然气、液化石油气供应网点建设，因地制宜开发利用可再生能源，改善农村供能条件。

　　Improving rural energy infrastructure. Making electricity accessible to all is a basic condition for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China implemented a three-year action plan to ensure power access for people without electricity, and had achieved this goal by the end of 2015. China attaches great importance to the renovation and upgrading of the rural power grid and makes great efforts to strengthen the weak links in the process. It has carried out targeted programs for renovating and upgrading power grid in small towns and central villages, connecting motor-pumped wells in rural plain areas to the grid, and supplying poor villages with electricity for industrial and commercial use. Since 2018, it has been focusing on upgrading the power grid in severely impoverished areas and border villages. China has built natural gas branch pipelines and infrastructure to expand the coverage of the pipeline network. To improve energy infrastructure in rural areas, it has built supply outlets for liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas in areas not covered by natural gas pipelines, and developed renewable energy sources adapted to local conditions.

　　精准实施能源扶贫工程。能源不仅是经济发展的动力，也是扶贫的重要支撑。中国合理开发利用贫困地区能源资源，积极推进贫困地区重大能源项目建设，提升贫困地区自身“造血”能力，为贫困地区经济发展增添新动能。在革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区优先布局能源开发项目，建设清洁电力外送基地，为所在地区经济增长作出重要贡献。在水电开发建设中，形成了水库移民“搬得出、稳得住、能致富”的可持续发展模式，让贫困人口更多分享资源开发收益。加强财政投入和政策扶持，支持贫困地区发展生物质能、风能、太阳能、小水电等清洁能源。推行多种形式的光伏与农业融合发展模式，实施光伏扶贫工程，建成了成千上万座遍布贫困农村地区的“阳光银行”。

　　Carrying out targeted poverty alleviation through energy projects. Energy is a driving force for economic development, and also an important impetus for poverty alleviation. China makes sound plans for the exploitation of energy resources in poor areas, introducing major energy projects in these areas to improve their capability to sustain themselves, thus adding new momentum to the local economy. It has given priority to energy development projects in old revolutionary bases, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas, and built power transmission bases for sending surplus clean electricity to other parts of China, contributing significantly to local economic growth. In developing hydropower, China has followed a sustainable development path by ensuring smooth relocation and resettlement of residents, and by making sure those involved have the means to better themselves, so that the poor share more of the benefits of resource development. China has also increased financial input and policy support for clean energy such as biomass, wind power, solar power, and small hydropower stations in poverty-stricken areas. It has adopted various models integrating solar PV power and agriculture to reduce poverty, and built thousands of “sunshine banks” in poor rural areas.

　　推进北方农村地区冬季清洁取暖。北方地区冬季清洁取暖关系广大人民群众生活，是重大民生工程、民心工程。以保障北方地区广大群众温暖过冬、减少大气污染为立足点，在北方农村地区因地制宜开展清洁取暖。按照企业为主、政府推动、居民可承受的方针，稳妥推进“煤改气”“煤改电”，支持利用清洁生物质燃料、地热能、太阳能供暖以及热泵技术应用。截至2019年底，北方农村地区清洁取暖率约31%，比2016年提高21.6个百分点;北方农村地区累计完成散煤替代约2300万户，其中京津冀及周边地区、汾渭平原累计完成散煤清洁化替代约1800万户。

　　Using clean energy for heating in rural areas in north China. Winter heating is of great importance in northern China. To ensure that the residents stay warm in winter while reducing air pollution, China has launched clean heating programs in rural areas in accordance with local conditions. In this new scheme enterprises assume the main responsibility and governments provide support to ensure affordable heating for the people. China has been steadily replacing coal with electricity and natural gas for centralized heating, and supported the application of clean biomass fuel, geothermal energy and solar energy in heating, as well as the use of heat pumps. At the end of 2019, the rate of clean-energy heating in the rural areas of north China was about 31 percent, up 21.6 percentage points from 2016. By 2019, about 23 million households in rural areas in northern China had replaced bulk coal with clean energy, including 18 million households in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, its surrounding areas and the Fenhe-Weihe River Plain.

　　五、发挥科技创新第一动力作用

　　V. Leveraging the Role of Innovation as the Primary Driver of Development

　　抓住全球新一轮科技革命与产业变革的机遇，在能源领域大力实施创新驱动发展战略，增强能源科技创新能力，通过技术进步解决能源资源约束、生态环境保护、应对气候变化等重大问题和挑战。

　　China has seized the opportunities presented by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. In the energy sector, it has implemented a strategy of innovation-driven development to increase its capacity for scientific and technological innovation and address major issues and challenges, such as energy resource constraints, environmental protection, and climate change, through advances in technology.

　　(一)完善能源科技创新政策顶层设计

　　1. Improving Top Level Design for Energy Policies Relating to Scientific and Technological Innovation

　　中国将能源作为国家创新驱动发展战略的重要组成部分，把能源科技创新摆在更加突出的地位。《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》将安全清洁高效现代能源技术作为重要战略方向和重点领域。制定能源资源科技创新规划和面向2035年的能源、资源科技发展战略规划，部署了能源科技创新重大举措和重大任务，努力提升科技创新引领和支撑作用。制定能源技术创新规划和《能源技术革命创新行动计划(2016-2030年)》，提出能源技术创新的重点方向和技术路线图。深化能源科技体制改革，形成政府引导、市场主导、企业为主体、社会参与、多方协同的能源技术创新体系。加大重要能源领域和新兴能源产业科技创新投入，加强人才队伍建设，提升各类主体创新能力。

　　China has made energy a vital part of its innovation-driven development strategy, and given more prominence to innovation in energy science and technology. Modern energy technology that is safe, clean and of high efficiency is a key strategic sector and a national priority in the country’s “Outline of Innovation-driven Development Strategy”. Accordingly, China has drawn blueprints for sci-tech innovation in energy and resources, made strategic plans for scientific and technological development of the resources and energy industry till 2035, and proposed major measures and tasks for innovation in energy science and technology. These are all aimed to enhance the role of scientific and technological innovation in driving and underpinning the energy sector.

　　By making plans for technological innovation in energy and creating the “Innovation Action Plan of Energy Technological Revolution (2016-2030)”, China has charted the roadmap and identified its priorities. Through deeper reform, China is establishing an energy science and technology system in which technological innovation is directed by the government and led by the market, and engages the whole of society, with enterprises playing a major role and all stakeholders coordinating with each other. At the same time China has increased investment in scientific and technological innovation in key energy fields and emerging energy industries, stepped up efforts to cultivate professionals in these areas, and endeavored to help all entities involved to improve their capacity for innovation.

　　(二)建设多元化多层次能源科技创新平台

　　2. Creating Diversified Platforms for Technological Innovation in Energy at Various Levels

　　依托骨干企业、科研院所和高校，建成一批高水平能源技术创新平台，有效激发了各类主体的创新活力。布局建设40多个国家重点实验室和一批国家工程研究中心，重点围绕煤炭安全绿色智能开采、可再生能源高效利用、储能与分布式能源等技术方向开展相关研究，促进能源科技进步。布局建设80余个国家能源研发中心和国家能源重点实验室，围绕煤炭、石油、天然气、火电、核电、可再生能源、能源装备重点领域和关键环节开展研究，覆盖当前能源技术创新的重点领域和前沿方向。大型能源企业适应自身发展和行业需要，不断加强科技能力建设，形成若干专业领域、有影响力的研究机构。地方政府结合本地产业优势，采取多种方式加强科研能力建设。在“大众创业、万众创新”政策支持下，各类社会主体积极开展科技创新，形成了众多能源科技创新型企业。

　　On the strength of leading enterprises, research institutions and universities, China has created a number of high-standard platforms for technological innovation, and inspired enthusiasm for innovation among all parties involved. Amid efforts to promote scientific and technological advances in energy, China has established more than 40 key national laboratories and a group of national engineering research centers that focus on research into technologies for safe, green and intelligent coal mining, highly efficient use of renewable energy, energy storage, and decentralized energy systems. It has also built more than 80 national energy R&D centers and key national energy laboratories for research in the key areas of coal, oil, natural gas, coal-fired power, nuclear power, renewable energy and energy equipment, all of which cover the vital and frontier areas of energy innovation. Adapting to their own needs and the needs of the industry, large energy enterprises have made continuous efforts to build up their scientific and technological capacity, and have established some influential research institutions in their respective fields. In keeping with the industrial strengths of their regions, local governments have adopted various measures to expand their scientific and technological capacity. Encouraged by the policy of “public entrepreneurship and public innovation”, all entities in Chinese society are actively engaged in scientific and technological innovation, and a large number of new energy technology businesses have been established.