政府报告：《平等发展共享新中国70年妇女事业的发展》

　　三、妇女在经济社会发展中的半边天作用日益彰显

　　III. Women’s Role in Economic and Social Development Becoming Increasingly Prominent

　　妇女是国家的重要建设者。中国制定实施劳动法、就业促进法、劳动合同法、农村土地承包法等法律法规，充分保障妇女的经济权益特别是平等就业权利，实行男女同工同酬，消除就业性别歧视。党的十八大以来，中国更加重视促进男女平等就业，推动妇女实现更高质量、更加充分就业，妇女参与经济社会建设的热情更加高涨，半边天作用更加凸显。

　　Women are indispensable builders of the country. China has promulgated laws and regulations such as the labor law, the employment promotion law, the labor contract law and the law on contracting rural land to fully protect women’s economic rights and interests, especially the right to equal employment, ensuring equal pay to men and women for equal work and eliminating gender discrimination in employment. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has attached more importance to gender equality in employment, offering better and more job opportunities for women. They have become more committed to the socio-economic construction and their role – just like the old saying “women hold up half the sky” – is increasingly prominent.

　　妇女在脱贫攻坚中充分参与、广泛受益。中国高度重视妇女扶贫脱贫。《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011-2020年)》《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》等都将缓解妇女贫困程度、减少贫困妇女数量作为优先事项，保障贫困妇女的资源供给，帮助、支持贫困妇女实施扶贫项目。党的十八大以来，中国在脱贫攻坚中更加重视妇女的参与和受益。2018年《中共中央　国务院关于打赢脱贫攻坚战三年行动的指导意见》提出，将贫困地区妇女宫颈癌、乳腺癌(简称“两癌”)检查项目扩大到所有贫困县。实施“贫困母亲‘两癌’救助”“母亲安居工程”“母亲健康快车”等公益慈善项目，帮助患病贫困妇女、贫困单亲母亲等改善生存发展状况。开展全国家政服务劳务对接扶贫行动、“百城万村”家政扶贫行动，帮助农村建档立卡贫困妇女实现就业。妇联组织大力实施“巾帼脱贫行动”，围绕立志脱贫、能力脱贫、创业脱贫、巧手脱贫、互助脱贫、健康脱贫、爱心助力脱贫七项重点任务，积极探索“连环扶贫”“小额信贷扶贫”“基地+贫困妇女”等扶贫模式，助推妇女精准脱贫。按照现行农村贫困标准，截至2018年底，全国农村贫困人口从2012年的9899万减少到1660万，贫困发生率从2012年的10.2%下降至1.7%，减少的贫困人口中约一半为女性。

　　Women have fully engaged in and been broadly benefited from the fight against poverty. China has paid high attention to poverty reduction and eradication among women. The outline of development-oriented poverty alleviation for China’s rural areas and the outline of women’s development in China, both planned for 2011-2020, have given priority to alleviating women’s poverty level and reducing the poverty-stricken population, ensuring resource supply for women in poverty while assisting and supporting them in poverty-relief projects. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has highlighted women’s participation in and benefits from poverty reduction and eradication. In 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council co-issued guidelines on a three-year poverty-relief plan, under which a cervical cancer and breast cancer screening program covers women in all poverty-stricken counties. The government has implemented a number of public welfare and charity programs for impoverished mothers, such as the program of relief for mothers suffering from breast cancer and cervical cancer, the subsidized housing project for impoverished rural single mothers, and the mother health express program, bringing help to sick women, poor single mothers and various other groups of mothers in need. The government carries out a series of poverty alleviation measures, encouraging city households to employ women in the registered poverty-stricken families for housekeeping services. The women’s federations also adopt a comprehensive action plan to assist impoverished women in starting businesses, developing skills, reducing healthcare costs and facilitating mutual aid. The federations endeavor to achieve targeted poverty relief through micro credit and development-oriented poverty reduction projects. By the current rural poverty standards in China, rural poverty population has decreased to 16.6 million by the end of 2018 from 98.99 million in 2012, while the poverty rate has fallen to 1.7% from 10.2% in 2012. Women accounted for 50% of those lifted out of poverty.

　　保障平等土地权益调动农村妇女生产积极性。从土地改革、农村家庭联产承包到农村承包地确权登记颁证与农村土地“三权分置”，中国始终重视从法律制度上保障妇女土地权益。2014年起，开展农村承包地确权登记颁证，明确要求将农村妇女土地承包经营权记载到权属证书上，广大农村妇女实现了“证上有名、名下有权”。2018年修订的农村土地承包法明确规定，农户内家庭成员依法平等享有承包土地的各项权益，确保农村妇女平等享有土地承包经营权。2016年，中共中央、国务院印发《关于稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的意见》，明确提出切实保护农村妇女的合法权益。2018年，民政部、中央组织部、全国妇联等七部门联合发布《关于做好村规民约和居民公约工作的指导意见》，要求纠正与法律政策规定、性别平等原则相冲突的村规民约。农村妇女的土地权益和经济利益得到有效保障，她们踊跃投入乡村振兴，积极为农业农村现代化建设做贡献。

　　Rural women’s enthusiasm to take part in production is boosted by guaranteeing their equal land rights. China has always guaranteed women’s rights by laws and legislations, which has been demonstrated in such practices as land reform, the household responsibility system, the verification, registration and certification of land contract and management rights and the separation of rights to ownership, contract, and management. Since 2014, it has been clearly ruled that women’s rights and interests in relation to land must be given expression to in the registration book and land right certificate. Now they have their names written in the certificates and obtained corresponding rights. In 2018, the revised law on contracting rural land stipulates that each household member has equal access to benefits from contracting land and women’s rights to contracting and operating land should be guaranteed. In 2016, the Guidelines on Reforming the Rural Collective Property Rights System issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council clearly stated that rural women’s legitimate rights should be effectively protected. In 2018, seven departments including the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, All-China Women’s Federation jointly issued guidelines, urging rural communities to correct any village regulations and folk conventions that are in conflict with statutory regulations and the principle of gender equality. Rural women’s land rights and economic interests have been effectively protected and they are working for rural revitalization and modernization.

　　加强劳动保护激励女职工岗位建功。中国高度重视从制度上保障女职工劳动保护各项权利。从1988年颁布《女职工劳动保护规定》到2012年《女职工劳动保护特别规定》出台，女职工劳动保护程度不断提高。越来越多的企业重视女职工劳动保护。2017年落实女职工劳动保护的企业占比71.2%，比2002年提高35.2个百分点。截至2017年9月，全国共签订女职工权益保护专项集体合同136.6万份，覆盖女职工近8000万人;建立女职工休息哺乳室的基层企事业工会近30万个，覆盖女职工1849.4万人。编发《促进工作场所性别平等指导手册》，推动用人单位贯彻落实法律法规，维护女职工合法权益和特殊利益。各项劳动保护工作深入推进，为女职工参与经济社会发展创造了条件。各行各业女职工以高度的主人翁责任感和历史使命感，在国家经济发展和社会进步中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

　　Women workers are motivated to perform better by enhancing labor protection. China attaches great importance to safeguarding female employees’ rights through laws and regulations. From the Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers in 1988 to the Special Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees in 2012, protection for women workers have increasingly improved. A growing number of enterprises and companies have given due protection to their female staffers at work, with 71.2% of the enterprises providing labor protections for women workers in 2017, up 35.2 percentage points from 2002. By September 2017, a total of 1.366 million special collective contracts have been signed to protect female employees’ rights, benefiting nearly 80 million women workers. Up to 300,000 trade unions in community-level enterprises and public institutions have set up staff-only resting and nursing lounges, serving 18.494 million women. China published the Manual of Guidance on Promoting Workplace Gender Equality to oblige employers nationwide to abide by relevant laws and regulations to ensure female workers’ legitimate rights and special interests. Such protection measures and efforts have created conditions for women to partake in socio-economic development. Women workers in various sectors, with a high sense of responsibility and historical mission, are playing an increasingly bigger role in promoting China’s economic and social development.

　　全社会就业人员中女性占比超过四成。新中国成立初期，广大妇女积极投身恢复国民经济和发展社会生产热潮，成为新中国工业化建设的重要力量。改革开放40多年来，随着国家经济社会快速发展，妇女就业选择更加多元，创业之路更加宽广，就业和创业人数大幅增加。2017年，全国女性就业人数3.4亿，比1978年翻了一番(图3)。中国政府实施鼓励妇女就业创业的小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，2009-2018年全国累计发放3837.7亿元，中央及地方落实财政贴息资金408.6亿元，获贷妇女656.9万人次，妇女就业创业得到大力支持。2017年全国妇联举办中国妇女创业创新大赛，吸引56万妇女参与，激发妇女的创业精神和创新活力。妇女成为大众创业、万众创新的重要力量。

　　Women account for 40% of the labor force. In the early days after the PRC was founded, women actively engaged in activities of reviving the country’s economy and boosting its social development, becoming key elements in the drive to industrialize New China. Thanks to the country’s rapid economic and social development since China launched the reform and opening up drive 40 years ago, women now have increasingly diversified employment options and ampler business opportunities as the number of women workers and entrepreneurs has risen by a big margin. In 2017, there were 340 million women in the labor force, doubling the figure in 1978 (see Chart. 3). The Chinese government has provided small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount to boost women employment and self-employment. A total of 383.77 billion yuan were allocated between 2009 and 2018, with the central and local governments appropriating 40.86 billion yuan of funds with discount interest rates, benefiting 6.569 million women in employment and self-employment. The 2017 Entrepreneurship and Innovation Competition sponsored by the All-China Women’s Federation attracted 560,000 women.

　　妇女就业领域极大拓展。在社会主义现代化建设进程中，妇女生产力不断释放，就业领域更加广泛。2010年，妇女从事第二、第三产业的比例为46.8%，比改革开放初期的1982年提高24.8个百分点。党的十八大以来，中国实行就业优先战略，积极推动男女平等就业。2019年，人力资源社会保障部等九部门印发《关于进一步规范招聘行为促进妇女就业的通知》，明确了不得实施的六种就业性别歧视行为，建立健全多部门联合约谈、市场监管、司法救济三条救济渠道，为保障妇女平等享有就业权提供有力支持。2017年，公有经济企事业单位女性专业技术人员1529.7万，占比48.6%，比1982年提高9.5个百分点。妇联组织培养巾帼电商带头人10万多名，辐射带动1500多万妇女增收致富，初步形成“互联网+女性创业”的服务体系，使妇女不出户、不出村就能享受到便捷高效的就业服务，互联网领域创业者中女性达到55%。

　　Women’s job options are greatly expanded. Throughout the process of socialist modernization, women’s productivity has been continuously unleashed and their employment options also broadened. In 2010, 46.8% of women worked in the secondary and tertiary sectors, up 24.8 percentage points from 1982. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has prioritized employment while actively promoting gender equality in employment. China published a Notice on further straightening recruitment behaviors to promote women’s employment, which explicitly prohibited six types of gender discriminations in job market. Joint enquiry, market supervision and judicial relief are put in place to ensure women can enjoy equal rights in employment. In 2017, there were 15.297 million women technicians in state-owned enterprises and institutions, making up 48.6% of the total technicians, and the figure also represented a 9.5-percentage-point rise from 1982. Over 100,000 women acquired knowledge and skills for e-commerce through the women’s federations programs, who in turn helped 15 million women to increase their income. An “internet + women employment” model has taken shape, by which women can gain access to efficient employment services without leaving their homes. Women have made up 55% of the population doing business online.

　　各行各业优秀女性大量涌现。中国尊重妇女主体地位，发挥妇女聪明才智，拓宽妇女就业创业渠道，加强就业服务培训，支持妇女在国家建设中建功立业。各级妇联组织表彰了一大批三八红旗手、三八红旗手标兵和三八红旗集体。各级工会组织大力表彰五一巾帼标兵岗和五一巾帼标兵。改革开放40多年来，妇女参与经济社会发展的能力显著增强，在政治、经济、科技、教育、文化、卫生等各条战线展现巾帼风采、贡献巾帼力量。比如，屠呦呦为中药和中西药结合研究做出了卓越贡献，是中国首位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，是中国妇女的杰出代表。

　　A large number of women are demonstrating excellent work performance in various sectors. China respects women as the mainstay of the country, giving full play to their talents, expanding employment opportunities for women and improving employment service and occupational training so as to support women to make achievements in building their country. Women’s federations at various levels have rewarded a host of women with such titles as National March 8th Red-Banner Pacesetters, March 8th Red-Banner Individual Holders, or March 8th Red Banner Collectives. Trade unions at different levels also rewarded those with titles of the Labor Day Women Model Posts or Labor Day Model Women Workers. Women’s capabilities in contributing to economic and social development have been significantly enhanced over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, which has been demonstrated in politics, economy, science and technology, education, culture and health. Tu Youyou, a representative of distinguished women, has made great contributions to the research of Chinese traditional medicine and cross-research of Chinese and Western medicine and she is the first female Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize.

　　四、妇女政治地位显著提高

　　IV. Women’s Political Status Has Grown Significantly

　　中国重视保障妇女与男子平等的政治权利。新中国成立之初，就从法律上规定了男女享有平等的选举权、被选举权和管理国家事务的权利。改革开放40多年来，中国特色社会主义民主政治不断完善，为妇女参政提供了新机遇、拓展了新渠道。党的十八大以来，在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化进程中，妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的水平全面提升，在民主政治建设中的作用日益增强。

　　China attaches importance to ensuring women’s equal political rights with men. Since the early years of New China, the state has drawn up and implemented laws to guarantee that women share equal rights with men to vote, to be elected, and to participate in the administration of state affairs. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, steady progress has been made in enhancing China’s socialist democracy, which has provided new opportunities and channels for women to participate in politics. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, as China pushes forward the modernization process of state management system and governance capacity, women’s capabilities to participate in the management of state and social affairs have comprehensively improved, and women are playing a greater role in the democratic and political construction.

　　中国共产党作为执政党，一贯重视培养选拔女干部、发展女党员。20世纪90年代以来，历次党代会报告都明确要求重视培养选拔女干部。党的十九大报告强调，要统筹做好培养选拔女干部、少数民族干部和党外干部工作。通过召开专题会议、制定政策文件、明确目标要求等措施，持续加大培养力度，不断提高女干部和女党员比例。2017年，全国党政机关女干部人数从改革开放初期的42.2万增加至190.6万，占干部总数的26.5%。2017年，中央机关及其直属机构新录用公务员中女性比例达到52.4%;地方新录用公务员中女性比例达到44%。2018年全国事业单位领导班子成员中，女性比例为22.2%，比2015年提高1.6个百分点。2018年，女党员占党员总数的27.2%，比1956年提高16.7个百分点。党代会代表中的女性比例逐步提升，党的十九大代表中的女性占比24.2%，比1956年党的八大提高14.9个百分点。

　　As the ruling party of China, the CPC has highly valued the training and selection of women cadre and the admission of women Party members. Since the 1990s, reports of every Party congress have made it clear that efforts be taken to train and select women officials. The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the coordination of the training and selection of women officials, ethnic-minority officials and non-Party officials. Concrete measures including holding special conferences, formulating policies and documents and defining goals and requirements are taken to help steadily strengthen the training and increase the number and proportion of women officials and Party members. The number of female officials at Party and government departments increased from 422,000 in the early 1980s to 1.906 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5% of the total officials. In 2017, women accounted for 52.4% of public servants newly-recruited by the central government organs and their affiliates, and the proportion was 44% among local governments. In 2018, women represented 22% of the leadership in national public institutions, 1.6 percentage points higher than in 2015. In 2018, women accounted for 27.2% of Party members, 16.7 percentage points higher than in 1956. The proportion of women representatives in Party congresses has gradually increased, with the number for the 19th CPC National Congress at 24.2%, 14.9 percentage points higher than in 1956 when the 8th CPC National Congress was held.

　　人大代表和政协委员中女性比例逐步提升。重视发挥妇女在人民代表大会、人民政治协商会议中的作用，是中国的一贯主张。选举法明确规定，全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会应当有适当数量的妇女代表，并逐步提高妇女代表的比例。《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》《国家人权行动计划(2016-2020年)》要求，逐步提高女性在各级人大代表、政协委员中的比例。第十三届全国人民代表大会女代表比例达到24.9%，比1954年第一届提高12.9个百分点。政协第十三届全国委员会女委员比例达到20.4%，比1949年第一届提高14.3个百分点。

　　There are also higher ratios of women deputies in people’s congresses and women members of the CPPCC. China has valued the role played by women in the people’s congresses and the CPPCC. The election law includes explicit provisions on the proportion of women candidates to national and local people’s congresses and requires gradual increase of the proportion. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) and National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020) require the proportion of women delegates to the people’s congresses and women members of CPPCC committees at all levels to be gradually increased. The ratio of women deputies to the 13th National People’ s Congress was 24.9%, 12.9 percentage points higher than in 1954 when the first National People’ s Congress was held. The proportion of women members at the 13th CPPCC national committee was 20.4%, 14.3 percentage points higher than 1949 when the first CPPCC was held.

　　妇女参与基层民主管理更加广泛。积极推动基层民主建设进程，适时制定修订中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例、居民委员会组织法、村民委员会组织法等法律法规，推动村规民约、居民公约修订完善，为妇女广泛参与基层民主管理提供了坚实的制度保障。20世纪80年代以来，村民自治制度的建立发展为农村妇女参与基层民主管理提供了重要保障和条件。2017年，村委会成员中女性比例为23.1%，比2000年提高7.4个百分点。妇女在居委会中的人数比例始终保持较高水平，2017年居委会成员中女性比例为49.7%，居委会主任中女性比例为39.9%。妇女参与企业民主管理比例稳步提升，2017年，工会女会员占比38.3%，企业职工董事和职工监事中女性比例分别为39.7%和41.6%。

　　Women’s participation in the management of grassroots democracy has become more extensive. There is solid institutional guarantee for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy, given the proactive measures to drive forward the development of grassroots democracy, the formulation and amendment of laws and regulations regarding rural grassroots organizations of the CPC, organic law of the urban residents’ committees and organic law of the villagers’ committee, and the amendment and improvement of regulations for villagers and urban residents. Since 1980s, the establishment and development of villagers’ autonomy system has provided important protection and created conditions for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy. In 2017, female representation in village committees was 23.1%, up 7.4 percentage points from 2000. The proportion of women in urban residents’ committees has remained high. In 2017, women made up 49.7% of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees reached 39.9%. Female participation in democratic management in enterprises has gradually increased as well. In 2017, female workers represented 38.3% of the trade union members and female representatives made up 39.7% and 41.6% of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.

　　妇女和妇女组织在民主政治建设中的作用越来越大。妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的途径更加多元，渠道更加畅通。人大女代表、政协女委员认真履职，为国家经济社会发展和妇女事业建言献策。各级党政机关女干部立足岗位，为贯彻落实男女平等基本国策、促进妇女发展恪尽职守。广大妇女民主参与意识不断提高，利用各类平台对国家和社会事务提出建议、表达诉求。妇联组织积极履行代表妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的职责，参与有关法律法规和政策的制定、参与协商民主、参与社会治理和公共服务。党的十八大以来，妇联改革使一大批有热心、有专长、有影响力的妇女骨干进入各级妇联特别是基层妇联工作队伍，乡、村两级妇联执委达到770多万，在基层治理中发挥了重要作用。

　　Women and women’s organizations have been playing increasingly bigger roles in the development of the country’s democracy and political construction. The channels for women to participate in the management of state and social issues have become more diversified and accessible. Women delegates to people’s congresses and women members of the CPPCC have earnestly performed their duties by pooling wisdom for the national economic and social development and for the promotion of the women’s cause. Women officials in Party and government organs at all levels have carried out their duties with dedication, implementing basic state policy on gender equality and improving women’s development. Women’s awareness of participating in democracy has also improved. Women are offering suggestions and appeals on state and social affairs through various platforms. Women’s federations have actively participated in the management of state and social affairs, the formulation of laws, regulations and policies, and taken part in consultative democracy, social governance and public services on behalf of women. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the reform of women’s federation has drawn a number of passionate, professional and influential female elites to work for women’s federations at all levels, especially for grassroots bodies. Female executive members of women’s federations at township and village level have reached 7.7 million, playing a significant role in grassroots governance.