政府报告：《平等发展共享新中国70年妇女事业的发展》

　　七、妇女社会保障水平不断提高

　　VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve

　　坚持在发展中保障和改善妇女民生。中国加快建设覆盖全民、城乡统筹、权责清晰、保障适度、可持续的多层次社会保障体系，全面实施全民参保计划，全面推进病有所医、老有所养、弱有所扶，各项社会保障实现了制度性覆盖，妇女的获得感、幸福感、安全感持续增强。

　　China sticks to ensuring and improving women’s livelihood in the course of pursing development. China works to develop a sustainable multi-tiered social security system that covers the entire population in both urban and rural areas, with clearly defined rights and responsibilities, and support that hits the right level. China will work to see that everyone has access to social security, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. With social security institutionalized, Chinese women have an ever-stronger sense of fulfillment, happiness and security.

　　妇女生育保障水平大幅提高。积极推进生育保障制度建设，保障妇女生育权益。从1949年到1992年，相继出台劳动保险条例、公费医疗以及女工产假等政策规定，生育女性享有产假及生育津贴、生育补助和医疗服务费用报销等待遇。1994年出台《企业职工生育保险试行办法》，对生育保险的筹资、待遇等作出规定，标志着城镇职工生育保险制度的全面推行。2010年颁布的《中华人民共和国社会保险法》设生育保险专章，将部门规章上升为国家法律，为保障妇女生育权益提供法律依据。党的十八大以来，生育保障制度不断完善。2019年出台《关于全面推进生育保险和职工基本医疗保险合并实施的意见》，要求整合两项保险基金及管理资源，确保职工生育期间的生育保险待遇不变、确保制度可持续，有利于扩大生育保险覆盖面，使更多生育妇女受益。2018年，参加生育保险人数达两亿，其中女性8927万(图6)。参加城乡居民基本医疗保险的女性，享受生育医疗费用报销待遇，未就业女性的生育权益得到保障。女职工法定产假由90天延长到98天。各地陆续调整相关法规，设置生育奖励假和配偶护理假，一些地方对相关津贴待遇作出明确规定。

　　The level of maternity protection for women has increased significantly. China has actively developed a maternity protection system to safeguard women’s reproductive rights and interests. From 1949 to 1992, China issued labor insurance regulations, policies of free medical services and regulations on maternity leave for women workers, stating that women who give birth enjoy maternity leave, maternity benefits, childbirth allowances, reimbursement for medical expenses and other services. In 1994, China introduced the Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees which stipulated the financing and treatment of maternity insurance and marked the comprehensive implementation of maternity insurance system for urban employees. The Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated in 2010, has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, turning departmental regulations to national laws and providing a legal basis for safeguarding women’s reproductive rights and interests. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the system of maternity protection has been constantly improved. In 2019, China issued a guideline to combine maternity insurance with basic medical insurance for employees, requiring the integration of the two insurance funds and management resources to ensure that maternity insurance benefits for employees remain sustainable and unchanged during the childbearing, which will help to expand the coverage of maternity insurance and benefit more women who give birth. In 2018, the number of people participating in maternity insurance reached more than 200 million and the number of women was 89.27 million (see Chart 6). Women who participate in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents enjoy reimbursement for medical expenses for childbirth, and the reproductive rights and interests of unemployed women are protected. China has extended statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days. Relevant laws and regulations have been adjusted gradually in various places and childbirth incentive leave and spouse care leave have also been set up. Some local authorities have explicated provisions on relevant allowance and benefits.

　　妇女医疗保障实现制度全覆盖。新中国成立之初，建立了医疗保障制度，机关事业单位和企业分别实行公费医疗和劳保医疗，农村依托集体经济建立农村合作医疗，广大妇女享有不同程度的基本医疗保障。改革开放40多年来，中国逐步建立健全职工基本医疗保险制度、新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保险制度，城乡妇女基本医疗保障实现制度全覆盖。党的十八大以来，多层次的医疗保障体系进一步完善，2016年整合城乡居民医疗保险，增强制度的公平性，完善城乡医疗救助和补充医疗保险制度，使更多妇女享有更公平的医疗保障。2018年，据不完全统计，全国基本医疗保险女性参保人数约为5.4亿。

　　The medical security system for women is fully in place. When New China was founded, a medical security system was established, with government units and public institutions implementing free medical care, enterprises carrying out labor-insurance medical care, and rural areas launching cooperative medical care relying on the collective economy. Women enjoyed different levels of basic medical security. Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has gradually established and improved a basic medical insurance system for workers, a new rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance system for urban residents. A basic medical insurance system for urban and rural women has been fully implemented. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the multi-level medical security system has been further improved. In 2016, the medical insurance system for urban and rural residents was consolidated and the fairness of the system was enhanced. The urban and rural medical assistance and supplementary medical insurance system were improved, allowing more women to enjoy equitable medical security. According to incomplete statistics, the number of women under basic health insurance around the country in 2018 was approximately 540 million.

　　妇女养老保障水平显著提高。中国建立并不断完善城镇职工养老保险制度，改革开放后，加快建立城镇居民养老保险制度，大力推进新型农村社会养老保险，妇女参保人数和待遇水平实现“从无到有、从少到多、从低到高”的可喜变化。党的十八大以来，养老保障制度更加完善，2014年新型农村养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险合并为城乡居民基本养老保险，使城乡未就业妇女公平享有基本养老保障。2017年，全国近3.8亿妇女参加了基本养老保险。截至2018年底，全国普遍建立了经济困难的高龄、失能等老年人补贴制度，老年妇女生活得到基本保障。

　　The level of old-age security for women has been significantly improved. China has established and continuously improved an endowment insurance system for the urban working group. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has accelerated the construction of endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents and vigorously promoted a new social endowment insurance system for rural residents. The number of insured women and the level of their treatment have increased step by step. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the old-age insurance system has been further improved. In 2014, the new social endowment social security system for rural residents and the social endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents were unified into the basic endowment insurance system for rural and non-working urban residents, making it possible for urban and rural unemployed women to enjoy basic old-age security on an equal footing. In 2017, nearly 380 million women around the country participated in basic old-age insurance. By the end of 2018, a subsidy system for the elderly with financial difficulties resulting from aging and disability was generally established throughout the country. Elderly women’s living standards are basically guaranteed.

　　妇女参加失业保险和工伤保险的人数不断增加。中国高度重视劳动者的就业和保险权益，保障职工的就业、安全与健康。先后实行失业救济制度、国有企业待业保险制度、下岗职工基本生活保障制度以及现行的失业保险制度，在就业领域处于相对弱势的妇女得到基本保障。2017年，全国参加失业保险的女性7950万，比2005年增加3924万;参加工伤保险的女性8594万，比2005年增加5581万。

　　The number of women participating in unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation insurance has been increasing. China attaches great importance to the employment and insurance rights and interests of workers to ensure their employment, safety and health. China has implemented the unemployment relief system, the unemployment insurance system in state-owned enterprises, the basic living security system for laid-off workers, and the current unemployment insurance system, generally protecting women who are relatively disadvantaged in employment. In 2017, 79.5 million women around the nation participated in unemployment insurance, and the number of women participating in the work-related injury insurance stood at 85.94 million, an increase of 39.24 million and 55.81 million over 2005, respectively.

　　国家社会救助制度惠及困难妇女。中国建立并逐步完善社会救助制度体系，为困难妇女提供基本生活保障。从计划经济时期的自然灾害救助、城市单位保障和农村集体救助、农村五保供养，到20世纪90年代逐步建立的最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、临时救助制度等，妇女都能平等享受。党的十八大以来，社会救助体系逐步完善，有效帮助困难妇女共享改革发展成果。截至2018年底，全国城市低保对象中女性占44.8%，农村低保对象中女性占42.0%。

　　The national social assistance system benefits women in need. China has established and gradually improved a social assistance system to provide basic living security for women in need. From natural disaster relief, urban unit security, rural collective assistance and rural “Five Guarantees” in the planned economy period to the minimum living security, relief support for the extremely poor and the temporary assistance system established in the 1990s, women can enjoy equal rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the social assistance system has been gradually improved, effectively enabling women in need to share the fruits of reform and development. By the end of 2018, women accounted for 44.8% of the people who have subsistence allowance in urban areas and 42.0% of those in rural areas.

　　八、妇女在家庭文明建设中发挥独特作用

　　VIII. Women Play Unique Role in Cultivation of Family Virtues

　　家庭是社会的细胞。家庭和睦则社会安定，家庭幸福则社会祥和，家庭文明则社会文明。中国始终高度重视家庭建设，注重保障妇女婚姻家庭权利，男女平等的婚姻家庭关系日益巩固。党的十八大以来，更加注重家庭、注重家教、注重家风，更加注重发挥妇女在家庭生活中的独特作用，推动社会主义核心价值观在家庭落地生根，形成爱国爱家、相亲相爱、向上向善、共建共享的社会主义家庭文明新风尚。

　　Families are the cells of society. Family harmony is good for social stability, family happiness creates social harmony, and family virtues bring about social civilization. China has always attached great importance to family building, focused on protecting women’s rights to marriage and family, and increasingly consolidated the equality between men and women in marriage and family relations. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, it has paid more attention to family, family education, family tradition, and the unique role of women in family life, promoting the core socialist values to take root in families, and forming a new style of socialist family virtues featuring patriotism, family love, mutual love and care, aspiration for the pursuit of excellence and moral integrity, and joint building and sharing.

　　建立完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。1950年颁布实施婚姻法，从根本上废除了封建婚姻制度对妇女的歧视和压迫，妇女的婚姻家庭生活发生了历史性变革。1954年第一部宪法明确规定妇女与男子在家庭生活方面享有平等的权利，婚姻、家庭、母亲和儿童受国家的保护。历次宪法修改都注重保障妇女平等的婚姻家庭权益。婚姻法修改重申实行男女平等的婚姻制度，倡导维护平等、和睦、文明的婚姻家庭关系，增加禁止实施家庭暴力、家务劳动补偿权和离婚损害赔偿等保障妇女权益的条款。涉及婚姻家庭关系的相关法律法规都强调对妇女权益的保护。2015年出台反家庭暴力法，规定禁止任何形式的家庭暴力，妇女在家庭中的人身权利进一步得到保障。2017年颁布民法总则并启动民法典编纂工作，重视进一步完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。2017年，全国妇联、中央综治办、最高人民法院等6部门出台《关于做好婚姻家庭纠纷预防化解工作的意见》，为群众化解婚姻家庭纠纷提供多元、便捷的服务。2018年最高人民法院出台司法解释，破解夫妻共同债务认定标准难题。

　　Establishing a marriage and family system to improve the equality between men and women. The enactment of the New Marriage Law in 1950 fundamentally abolished the discrimination and oppression against women in the feudal marriage system, and as a result women’s marriage and family life have undergone historical changes. The first 1954 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China clearly prescribed that women and men have equal rights in family life, and that marriage, family, mothers and children are protected by the state. All previous constitutional amendments have focused on protecting women’s equal rights to marriage and family. The amendment of the Marriage Law reaffirmed the implementation of a marriage system featuring the equality between men and women, advocated maintaining equal, harmonious and civilized marriage and family relations, and added provisions prohibiting domestic violence and supporting compensation for housework and divorce damages. Relevant laws and regulations concerning marriage and family relations emphasize the protection of women’s rights. In 2015, the Anti-Domestic Violence Law was enacted, which prohibits any form of domestic violence and protects women’s personal rights in family. In 2017, the General Principles of the Civil Law was promulgated and the compilation of the Civil Code was initiated, focusing on further improving the marriage and family system featuring the equality between men and women. In 2017, six government entities, including the All-China Women’s Federation, the Central Public Security Comprehensive Management Commission, and the Supreme People’s Court, issued the “Opinions on Preventing and Resolving Marriage and Family Disputes” to provide diverse and convenient services for the public to resolve marriage and family disputes. In 2018, the Supreme People’s Court issued a judicial interpretation to solve the thorny problem concerning the identification standard of the joint debts of husband and wife.

　　建立支持家庭和妇女发展的政策体系。新中国成立后，相继出台涉及婚姻、生育、托幼、养老等与家庭密切相关的政策，机关单位、工矿企业、街道、公社等建立哺乳室、托儿所、幼儿园，解放妇女劳动力，支持妇女广泛参加社会劳动。改革开放40多年来，中国将家庭建设纳入国家经济社会发展总体规划。国家“十二五”规划纲要和国家“十三五”规划纲要都对家庭建设提出明确要求，强调提高家庭发展能力，重视家庭在支撑社会发展、分担社会责任中的作用。中国妇女发展纲要强调男女共担家庭责任，发展面向家庭的公共服务，为夫妻双方兼顾工作和家庭创造条件。2010年印发《国务院办公厅关于发展家庭服务业的指导意见》，全国妇联与人力资源社会保障部共同实施巾帼家政服务培训专项工程，帮助更多夫妻更好地兼顾工作与家庭。持续开展关爱女孩行动，深入推进“婚育新风进万家”活动。2015年，中共中央、国务院印发《关于实施全面两孩政策改革完善计划生育服务管理的决定》，提出构建家庭发展支持体系，建立完善包括生育支持、幼儿养育、老人赡养等在内的家庭发展政策，广泛开展创建幸福家庭活动和新家庭计划，增强家庭抚幼和养老功能，支持女性生育后重返工作岗位，鼓励用人单位制定有利于职工平衡工作与家庭的措施，促进社会性别平等。2019年，国务院办公厅发布《关于促进3岁以下婴幼儿照护服务发展的指导意见》，提出建立健全婴幼儿照护服务的政策法规体系和标准规范体系，为家庭育儿提供政策支持。

　　Establishing a policy system to support family and women’s development. After New China was founded, policies closely associated with family were issued, including those related to marriage, maternity, child care, and elderly care. Government entities, industrial and mining enterprises, residential districts, and communes established nursing rooms, nurseries, kindergartens, which liberated women’s labor and supported women’s broad participation in social labor. For more than 40 years since the reform and opening up policy was adopted, China has incorporated family building into the overall plan for national economic and social development. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) and the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) outlined clear requirements for family building, emphasized the improvement of family development ability, and attached importance to the role of family in supporting social development and sharing social responsibility. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) emphasized shared family responsibilities of men and women, development of family-oriented public services, and creation of conditions for both husband and wife to strike a balance between work and family. In 2010, the “Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on the Development of Family Service Industry” was issued. The All-China Women’s Federation and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security jointly implemented a special project for training women on family services to help more couples better balance work and family. Further efforts were made to continue carrying out the campaign of caring girls and deeply promoting the activities of “Bringing a New Marital Style into Thousands of Families”. In 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Implementing a Comprehensive Two-Child Policy Reform and Perfecting Family Planning Service Management” which proposed establishing a family development support system, establishing complete family development policies, including birth support, child rearing, and elderly support. Measures were taken to extensively develop happy family activities and new family plans, strengthen the role of family in child care and elderly care, support women in returning to work after delivery, encourage employers to devise measures that help employees balance work and family, and promote gender equality in society. In 2019, General Office of the State Council issued the “Guiding Opinions on Improving Care Services for Infants Under 3 Years Old,” proposing the establishment of a sound policy and regulation system and a standardized system for infant and childcare services, and providing policy support for family parenting.

　　统筹协调社会资源支持服务家庭教育。中国高度重视家庭教育工作。1996年以来，全国妇联、教育部、中央文明办等部门连续发布了五轮家庭教育工作规划。自2010年起，印发《全国家庭教育指导大纲》，出台《关于加强家庭教育工作的指导意见》，在科学指导家庭教育实践中发挥重要作用。家庭教育立法纳入第十三届全国人大常委会立法规划，部分地区出台了家庭教育促进条例。2018年召开全国教育大会，强调全社会要担负起青少年成长成才的责任，发挥家庭作为人生第一所学校、帮助扣好人生第一粒扣子的重要作用，坚持把立德树人作为家庭教育的根本任务，培养孩子的好思想、好品行、好习惯。目前，家庭教育指导服务的专业化、网络化、精细化水平不断提升，指导服务阵地多元化拓展。截至2017年底，共建立各类家长学校42.6万个、培训7086万人次，创办网上家长学校1.7万个、短信微信服务平台6.5万个。越来越多的城乡家庭享受到普惠性、公益性的家庭教育指导服务。

　　Coordinating social resources to support family education service. China attaches great importance to family education. Since 1996, the All-China Women’s Federation, the Ministry of Education, the Central Commission for Guiding Cultural and Ethical Progress and other departments have successively issued five rounds of family education work plans. Since 2010, the “Guiding Outline of National Family Education” and the “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Family Education Work” were issued, which have played an important role in guiding family education practice in a scientific manner. Family education legislation was incorporated into the legislative plan of the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC, and in some regions regulations on promoting family education were issued. In 2018, the National Education Conference was held, emphasizing the responsibility of the whole society for boosting the healthy growth of the young, and the important role of family, as the first school in life, in helping fasten the first button of life, persisting in the fundamental task of strengthening moral education and cultivating people in family education, and fostering children’s good thinking, good conduct, and good habits. At present, the level of specialization, networking and refinement of family education guidance services has been continuously improved, while the guidance service areas have been diversified. By the end of 2017, a total of 426,000 parent schools were established, 70.86 million training sessions were launched, and 17,000 online parent schools and 65,000 SMS and WeChat service platforms were established. More and more urban and rural families enjoy inclusive and public welfare family education guidance services.

　　重视发挥妇女在家庭文明建设中的独特作用。中国重视发挥妇女在弘扬家庭美德、树立良好家风方面的独特作用。从20世纪50年代全国城乡普遍开展的“五好家庭”评选活动，到改革开放后开展的具有鲜明时代特征的美好家庭、五好文明家庭、绿色家庭、平安家庭、和谐家庭、文明家庭等各类家庭文明建设活动，广大妇女积极响应参与，推动男女平等、夫妻和睦、尊老爱幼等家庭文化发展，倡导绿色环保、文明健康的生活方式，使家庭成为社会平安与和谐的起点，用榜样力量引领家庭见贤思齐、崇德向善，追求和谐平安幸福生活。党的十八大以来，更加重视发挥家庭在传承美德、涵养家风、立德树人等方面的重要作用。2014年，妇联组织开展寻找“最美家庭”活动以来，广大妇女踊跃参加，推动社会主义核心价值观在家庭落细落小落实，把家教家风家训送到千家万户，以好的家风支撑起好的社会风气。截至2018年底，累计4.85亿人次参与线上线下寻找“最美家庭”活动，涌现出各级各类“最美家庭”380多万户。1997-2018年，表彰全国“五好家庭”8800多户。2016年开始，各级工会女职工组织开展“培育好家风——女职工在行动”主题实践活动。2019年，妇联组织启动实施“家家幸福安康工程”(图7)，积极回应广大妇女和亿万家庭新时代的新需求，以小家庭的和谐共建大社会的和谐，推动形成家家幸福安康的生动局面。