政府报告：《平等发展共享新中国70年妇女事业的发展》

　　政府报告：《平等发展共享新中国70年妇女事业的发展》

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　　平等 发展 共享：新中国70年妇女事业的发展与进步

　　Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women’s Cause in 70 Years Since New China’s Founding

　　中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

　　The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

　　2019年9月

　　September 2019

　　目录

　　Contents

　　前言

　　Preface

　　一、中国高度重视并积极推进妇女事业发展

　　I. Women’s Cause Remains High Priority and Is Actively Promoted in China

　　二、保障妇女权益的法治体系不断完善

　　II. The Legal System for Protection of Women Rights Constantly Improved

　　三、妇女在经济社会发展中的半边天作用日益彰显

　　III.Women’s Role in Economic and Social Development Becoming Increasingly Prominent

　　四、妇女政治地位显著提高

　　IV. Women’s Political Status Has Grown Significantly

　　五、妇女受教育水平显著提升

　　V. Women’s Education Level Has Risen Significantly

　　六、妇女健康状况极大改善

　　VI. Women’s Health Condition Has Improved Dramatically

　　七、妇女社会保障水平不断提高

　　VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve

　　八、妇女在家庭文明建设中发挥独特作用

　　VIII. Women Play Unique Role in Cultivation of Family Virtues

　　九、妇女参与国际交流与合作日益广泛

　　IX. Women Taking Part in Extensive International Exchanges and Cooperation Activities

　　结束语

　　Conclusion

　　前言

　　Preface

　　纵观历史，没有妇女解放和进步，就没有人类解放和进步。中国共产党从诞生之日起就把实现妇女解放、促进男女平等写在奋斗的旗帜上。1949年中华人民共和国成立，中国妇女结束了千百年来受压迫、受奴役的历史，当家做了主人。

　　In the entire course of history, the liberation and progress of women have been indispensable to the liberation and progress of mankind. Since its inception, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been struggling for women’s liberation and gender equality. The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 ushered in a new era for women in China, changing their social status from an oppressed and enslaved group in the past thousands of years to masters of their own fate.

　　70年来，中国妇女事业始终与党和国家事业发展紧密相连。在中国共产党领导下，一代又一代妇女为中国的建设、改革与发展开拓进取、贡献力量。在中华民族从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃中，中国妇女地位发生了翻天覆地的巨大变化。

　　In recent 70 years, women’s cause in China has been closely connected to the general growth of the CPC and the whole nation. Under the leadership of the CPC, the past few generations of women have contributed greatly to social construction, reform, and development. As the Chinese nation is rising and growing richer and stronger, Chinese women’s social status has undergone enormous changes.

　　党的十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，亿万妇女更加坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义妇女发展道路，平等依法行使民主权利、平等参与经济社会发展、平等享有改革发展成果，主人翁地位更加彰显，半边天力量充分释放，获得感、幸福感、安全感与日俱增。中国妇女事业取得举世瞩目的历史性成就。

　　Since the 18th CPC National Congress, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, there has been a firmer belief in the future of women development based on Chinese socialism among Chinese women. In this background, women are able to exercise their democratic rights, participate in economic and social development, and benefit from the outcomes of reforms and development on an equal and legal basis. As masters of the nation, women now can find the best ways to fulfill themselves while gaining increasing senses of achievement, happiness, and safety, as witnessed by the historic accomplishments they’ve made so far.

　　为进一步增进国际社会对新中国70年妇女事业发展成就的全面了解，特发表本白皮书。

　　This white paper is issued specifically to make the achievements of women’s cause in the past 70 years since New China was founded fully known to the whole world.

　　一、中国高度重视并积极推进妇女事业发展

　　I. Women’s Cause Remains High Priority and Is Actively Promoted in China

　　促进妇女全面发展和男女平等是中国特色社会主义的重要组成部分。中国始终高度重视促进男女平等和妇女事业发展，加强和改进党对妇女工作的领导，建立完善人大立法保障妇女权益、政协协商推动妇女事业发展的工作机制，建立健全政府贯彻落实男女平等基本国策的工作机制，强化妇联组织作为党和政府联系妇女群众桥梁纽带的工作机制，为妇女事业发展提供了强有力的政治保障和制度机制保障。

　　Boosting the comprehensive development of women and achieving gender equality have been perceived as important components of the socialism system with Chinese characteristics. China has always attached great importance to such development and equality. Among the concrete measures taken so far to accomplish these goals are reinforced CPC guide over women’s work, creation and improvement of women right protection legislations by the National People’s Congress, establishment of practical mechanisms in favor of women’s cause by the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), setup and improvement of government working systems for implementation of national gender equality policies, and enhancement of the role of the Women’s Federation as a bridge between the CPC, the government and the mass of women. Together these measures provide solid political and systematic assurance for the development of women’s cause.

　　中国共产党始终坚持和加强对妇女工作的领导。70年来，中国共产党始终坚持男女平等的政治主张，将实现妇女解放和男女平等作为奋斗目标，将妇女事业作为党的事业的重要组成部分。召开第一至第十二次全国妇女代表大会，根据党和国家工作大局，确定妇女运动和妇女工作的方针原则和主要任务，统筹部署和推进妇女工作。进入新时代，党对妇女工作的领导进一步加强。“坚持男女平等基本国策，保障妇女儿童合法权益”写入党的十八大、十九大报告，成为党治国理政的重要理念和内容。2015年，召开历史上第一次中央党的群团工作会议，为推进妇联组织改革，增强妇联组织和妇联工作的政治性先进性群众性，做好新时代妇女工作指明了方向。中国共产党始终把妇女事业放在中国改革开放和现代化建设的重要位置，在出台法律、制定政策、编制规划、部署工作时充分考虑两性的现实差异和妇女的特殊利益;推动完善保障妇女合法权益的法律体系，为促进男女平等和妇女全面发展构筑坚固的法律屏障;把促进妇女发展纳入国民经济和社会发展总体规划，加强顶层设计和长远规划;把新时代经济社会发展同促进妇女全面发展紧密融合，使妇女事业更具时代性。

　　The CPC has made earnest and persistent efforts in leading and improving the work concerning women in the past 70 years. With women’s cause as an important part of its undertaking, the CPC has been striving towards women’s liberation and gender equality. In the twelve sessions of the National Women’s Congress concluded thus far, guidelines for women movement and work as well as main pertinent tasks were worked out in line with general CPC and government policies for nationwide implementation of relevant plans. With the coming of the new era, the CPC is now leading women’s work more devotedly. “Adhering to the fundamental national policy of gender equality, and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of women and minors” were enshrined in the reports of the 18th and 19th CPC National Congress, and accepted as key concepts and parts of the CPC’s governance and administration plans. The first conference on improving mass organizations organized by the CPC Central Committee in 2015 determined a direction for the work concerning women in the new era by showing how to promote reforms of the Women’s Federation and how to make the organization and work of Women’s Federation more politically responsive, up to date, and geared to the demands of the masses. For the CPC, women’s cause always plays a significant role in Chinese reform, opening up, and modernization. Full consideration has been given to actual gender differences and special interests of women in legislation, policy-making, planning, and policy implementation. There are also ongoing efforts in improving a legal system for protecting women’s rights and building a firm legal foundation for gender equality and comprehensive development of women. Women development has been incorporated into general national economic and social development plans to facilitate high-level and long-term planning. Such incorporation makes the Chinese women’s cause more reflective of modern trends.

　　建立完善人大立法保障妇女权益的工作机制。全国人民代表大会制度是坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一的根本政治制度安排。全国人大及其常委会在认真履行立法、监督等职责过程中，高度重视保障妇女权益、促进妇女发展。先后设立妇女儿童专门小组、内务司法委员会工青妇室、社会建设委员会工青妇室，积极宣传贯彻男女平等的宪法原则，在立法审议和法律监督中重视采纳妇联组织和妇女群众的意见，就妇女权益保障法及相关法律开展执法检查，听取情况报告，组织专题调研，切实依法保障妇女合法权益。

　　Enactment and revision of laws by the National People’s Congress (NPC) for the protection of women’s rights: The NPC is established as a fundamental political system that combines the leadership of the CPC, the running of the country by the people, and rule of law. When faithfully performing their legislation and supervision duties, the NPC and its Standing Committee put great stress on protection of women’s rights and promotion of women development. A number of relevant organizations have been set up for these purposes successively, including Women & Children Working Group, Office of Communist Youth League, Trade Union, and Women’s Federation under Internal and Judicial Affairs Committee, and Office of Communist Youth League, Trade Union, and Women’s Federation under Social Development Affairs Committee. These organizations are established to vigorously promote and implement the gender equality principle stipulated in the Constitution, follow and collect opinions of the Women’s Federation and women during legislative review and legal supervision, inspect the enforcement of laws protecting women’s rights and other pertinent laws, hear related reports, organize thematic investigations, and take practical measures to protect legal rights of women.

　　建立完善政协协商推动妇女事业发展的工作机制。中国人民政治协商会议是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商的重要机构。政协全国委员会先后设有妇女组、妇女青年委员会、妇青和法制委员会、社会和法制委员会等工作机构，对涉及妇女发展的重点难点问题提出建议，办理涉及妇女权益的提案。妇联界别作为政协全国委员会目前设置的34个界别之一，组织协商座谈，开展专题调研，提交提案建议，在政治协商、民主监督、参政议政中持续推进妇女发展和男女平等。

　　Creation and improvement of a working mechanism by the CPPCC for promoting women’s cause: The CPPCC plays an important role in the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultations led by the CPC. The National Committee of CPPCC has successively established a number of women work organizations, including Women Working Group, Women and Youth Committee, Women, Youth, and Legal Affairs Committee, and Social and Legal Affairs Committee. These organizations make recommendations on key and difficult issues related to women development, and handle proposals regarding women’s rights. Women’s Federation is one of the 34 circles defined by the National Committee of the CPPCC. In China, a great number of women participate in political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs through consultation workshops, thematic investigations, and proposal submissions, thus promoting women development and gender equality on a continuous basis.

　　建立健全政府贯彻落实男女平等基本国策的工作机制。1990年成立国务院妇女儿童工作协调委员会，1993年更名为国务院妇女儿童工作委员会，成员单位由成立之初的19个增加到目前的35个(图1)。国务院妇女儿童工作委员会依据法定职能开展工作，负责组织、协调、指导和督促有关部门做好保障妇女权益、促进男女平等和妇女发展的相关工作。委员会下设办公室，配有专职工作人员和专项工作经费。全国县级以上政府和新疆生产建设兵团均成立了相应工作机构，形成了纵向贯通、横向联动、协同配合的组织工作体系。国民经济和社会发展总体规划、部门专项规划将促进妇女发展作为重要方面。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》设立专门章节，对促进妇女全面发展作出规划部署。国家人权行动计划、中国反对拐卖人口行动计划等明确提出保障妇女权益的目标任务。1995年以来，中国连续颁布三个周期的中国妇女发展纲要，提出不同时期妇女事业发展的目标任务;2019年，启动了新一周期的纲要编制工作。建立完善性别统计制度，发布中国妇女发展纲要统计监测报告，定期开展中国妇女社会地位调查，出版《中国社会中的女人和男人：事实和数据》《中国妇女儿童状况统计资料》等。

　　The creation and improvement of a working mechanism by the government for implementing the fundamental national policy of gender equality: In 1990, National Coordination Committee on Children and Women under State Council was established, which was renamed in 1993 to National Working Committee on Children and Women under State Council. The number of members of this committee has grown from 19 at its establishment to 35 (see Chart 1). This committee performs its legal duties by organizing, coordinating, instructing, and urging relevant departments in their work of women right protection, gender equality, and women development. The committee has its own offices, full-time staff, and funds. Local governmental units with similar functions have also been set up in all counties and higher-level administrative divisions and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, thereby forming a tiered working system of interrelation and cooperation links. Moreover, women’s development has been listed as a key target in both general national economic and social development plans and department-specific plans. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Outline of the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China contain sections that deal specifically with women development plans and their implementation. There are also clearly defined objectives for the protection of women’s rights in National Human Rights Action Plan of China and China’s Action Plan against Human Abduction and Trafficking. Since 1995, the Chinese government has successively released three issues of Outline Program for Development of Chinese Women, each clarifying missions and targets for women’s cause in a specific period. The drafting of the outline for the coming period starts in 2019. Other measures of great significance include the creation of a complete gender statistics system, publication of statistics-based monitoring reports for Outline Program for Development of Chinese Women, regular investigations of the social status of Chinese women, and the publication of relevant books such as Men and Women in China: Facts and Figures, Statistics about Conditions of Chinese Women and Children, etc.

　　建立健全妇联组织作为党和政府联系妇女群众桥梁纽带的工作机制。全国妇联是各族各界妇女为争取进一步解放与发展而联合起来的群团组织，是中国共产党领导下的人民团体，目前已形成由全国、省(区、市)、市(地、州)、县(市、区)、乡镇(街道)、村(社区)六级妇联组织，机关事业单位、社会组织的妇女委员会或妇女工作委员会，以及团体会员构成的组织体系(图2)，同时，新领域新业态新阶层新群体中的妇联组织覆盖不断拓展。在党的领导下，妇联组织依照章程，切实担负团结引导各族各界妇女听党话、跟党走的政治责任，切实履行代表和维护妇女权益、促进男女平等和妇女全面发展的基本职能。围绕党和国家工作大局，广泛深入宣传党的理论路线方针政策，团结引导广大妇女坚定不移走中国特色社会主义妇女发展道路，充分发挥在社会生活和家庭生活中的独特作用，为中国特色社会主义事业建功立业。全国妇联作为成员单位参与中央农村工作领导小组、中央精神文明建设指导委员会、中央全面依法治国委员会守法普法协调小组、国务院扶贫开发领导小组和国务院就业工作领导小组等的工作，反映妇女利益诉求，代表妇女参与国家和社会事务的民主决策、民主管理和民主监督。全国妇联牵头成立“双学双比”和“巾帼建功”活动领导小组、“五好文明家庭”创建活动协调小组、维护妇女儿童权益暨平安家庭创建协调机制等，通过跨部门合作共同推动妇女事业发展。党的十八大以来，妇联组织通过改革创新，进一步增强政治性先进性群众性，充分发挥党开展妇女工作最可靠、最有力的助手作用，坚持用中国特色社会主义共同理想凝聚妇女，建立直接联系服务妇女群众长效机制，有效开展引领、服务、联系妇女群众工作。团结引领其他妇女组织，共同服务妇女群众，推动男女平等和妇女事业发展。

　　The creation and improvement of a working mechanism for women’s federations to serve as a bridge between the CPC and the government and general women groups: All-China Women’s Federation is an organization jointly established by women from different ethnic groups and circles with the purpose of seeking further liberation and development of women. As a mass organization led by the CPC, the federation has formed a network of six levels, i.e. the nation, province (autonomous region, municipality), city (prefecture, autonomous prefecture), county (county-level city, district), township (residential district), and village (community), covering various women associations, institutions, social committees of women or women work committees, and group members (see Chart 2). In the meanwhile, women’s federations continue to expand to new sectors, trades, classes, and groups. Following the instructions of the CPC and relevant laws and regulations, these organizations carry out their political responsibilities and basic functions diligently, including promoting solidarity, implementing CPC policies, representing and maintaining of women’s rights, and realizing of gender equality and the comprehensive development of women. By sticking to the general directions of the CPC and the government in different stages, they disseminate theoretical roadmaps and policies of the CPC, and guide women to hold on to socialism-based women development paths with Chinese characteristics. The role they play is also unique in social and family life, and instrumental to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. All-China Women’s Federation is a member of Central Rural Work Leading Team, the Central Commission for Guiding Cultural and Ethical Progress, Law Observance and Education Coordination Team under Central Committee for Comprehensive Law-based Governance, the State Council Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development, and Employment Work Leading Team under the State Council. In these organizations, it represents the interests of women, and takes part in democratic decision-making, management, and supervision of national and social affairs on behalf of women. All-China Women’s Federation took the initiative in setting up leading teams for programs like “Learning Culture and Technologies, Competing with Achievements and Contributions” and “Accomplishments of Females”, along with coordination teams for “Five-virtue Civil Families” and other activities. These teams help maintain legal rights of women and children while building a coordination mechanism for safe family systems. Through cooperation with different departments, they jointly promote the development of women’s cause. Starting from the 18th CPC National Congress, women’s federations have been engaged in reforms and innovations. These endeavors make them more active in the political arena and bring them closer to the masses. They are now among the most dependable and helpful assistants to the CPC in its women’s work. The women’s federations are strengthening cohesive affinity among women with the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. By creating a direct and long-term women communication and service mechanism, they are able to guide, serve, and contact women masses. They also lead other women organizations in serving women, achieving gender equality, and promoting women cause.