政府报告双语翻译：《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》

　　Carrying out pilot programs on carbon emissions trading. The carbon market institutions motivate companies to commit to curbing their emissions and use market-based instruments to price carbon reasonably, thus better allocating carbon emission resources. Starting from October 2011, seven provinces and municipalities – Beijing, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin – were selected to pilot projects for carbon emissions trading. Since 2013, seven local-level pilot carbon markets have been launched, covering nearly 3,000 key emissions companies in more than 20 industries, including power, steel, and cement. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of the seven pilot carbon markets had reached 495 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, representing a value of approximately RMB12 billion. Major emitters in the pilot carbon markets have maintained a relatively high level of compliance rate, with both volume and intensity of carbon emissions within the market coverage maintaining a downward trend. This has given a significant boost to enterprises’ contribution to emissions reduction, and raised the awareness of low-carbon development in all sectors of society. The local-level pilot projects have accumulated valuable experience for the launch of the national carbon market in terms of providing institutional references and training personnel.

　　持续推进全国碳市场制度体系建设。制度体系是推进碳市场建设的重要保障，为更好地推进完善碳交易市场，先后印发《全国碳排放权交易市场建设方案(发电行业)》，出台《碳排放权交易管理办法(试行)》，印发全国碳市场第一个履约周期配额分配方案。2021年以来，陆续发布了企业温室气体排放报告、核查技术规范和碳排放权登记、交易、结算三项管理规则，初步构建起全国碳市场制度体系。积极推动《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》立法进程，夯实碳排放权交易的法律基础，规范全国碳市场运行和管理的各重点环节。

　　Building a national carbon market system. Systems are key in advancing carbon market development. To better regulate the carbon market, the Chinese government promulgated the National Carbon Emissions Trading Market Construction Plan (Power Generation Industry), Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (for Trial Implementation), and a quota allocation plan for the national carbon market in the first compliance period. In 2021, with the release of guidelines for accounting and reporting corporate greenhouse gas emissions and three sets of management rules for carbon emission rights regarding registration, trading, and settlement, a basic national carbon market system was established. The legislative process has moved forward on the Interim Rules on the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading, which consolidated the legal basis for carbon emissions trading, and ensured standardized operation and management in the key links of the national carbon market.

　　启动全国碳市场上线交易。2021年7月16日，全国碳市场上线交易正式启动。纳入发电行业重点排放单位2162家，覆盖约45亿吨二氧化碳排放量，是全球规模最大的碳市场。全国碳市场上线交易得到国内国际高度关注和积极评价。截至2021年9月30日，全国碳市场碳排放配额累计成交量约1765万吨，累计成交金额约8.01亿元，市场运行总体平稳有序。

　　Launching the national carbon market. On July 16, 2021, the national carbon market started online trading. A total of 2,162 power generation companies were involved, representing 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, making this the world’s largest emissions trading system. The launch attracted great attention and positive comments in China and elsewhere. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume in the market had reached 17.65 million tonnes, with turnover of RMB801 million. In general, the operation of the market has been stable and orderly.

　　建立温室气体自愿减排交易机制。为调动全社会自觉参与碳减排活动的积极性，体现交易主体的社会责任和低碳发展需求，促进能源消费和产业结构低碳化，2012年，中国建立温室气体自愿减排交易机制。截至2021年9月30日，自愿减排交易累计成交量超过3.34亿吨二氧化碳当量，成交额逾29.51亿元，国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)已被用于碳排放权交易试点市场配额清缴抵销或公益性注销，有效促进了能源结构优化和生态保护补偿。

　　Establishing a greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction program. The China Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Program was established in 2012. Its goals are to encourage the whole of society to participate in emissions reduction activities, ensure that the transaction entities fulfill their social responsibilities, pursue a low-carbon development path, and promote a low-carbon industrial structure and low-carbon energy consumption. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction had exceeded 334 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, with turnover approaching RMB3 billion. China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) has been introduced to pilot markets in offsetting carbon emissions, or writing off emissions occurred for public welfare purposes, effectively optimizing China’s national energy mix and its compensation mechanism for eco-environmental conservation.

　　(五)增强适应气候变化能力

　　5. Reinforcing Ability to Adapt to Climate Change

　　广大发展中国家由于生态环境、产业结构和社会经济发展水平等方面的原因，适应气候变化的能力普遍较弱，比发达国家更易受到气候变化的不利影响。中国是全球气候变化的敏感区和影响显著区，中国把主动适应气候变化作为实施积极应对气候变化国家战略的重要内容，推进和实施适应气候变化重大战略，开展重点区域、重点领域适应气候变化行动，强化监测预警和防灾减灾能力，努力提高适应气候变化能力和水平。

　　Due to ecological and environmental constraints, limitations imposed by the industrial structure, and the level of social and economic development, developing countries are generally weaker in terms of their ability to adapt to climate change, and are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change than developed countries. China is a climate sensitive region, and has witnessed a profound impact. Regarding adaptation as a major component in executing the national strategy for actively responding to climate change, the Chinese government has promoted and implemented major adaptation strategies, launching adaptation actions in key areas and sectors, and strengthening monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.

　　推进和实施适应气候变化重大战略。为统筹开展适应气候变化工作，2013年，中国制定了国家适应气候变化战略，明确了2014年至2020年国家适应气候变化工作的指导思想和原则、主要目标，制定实施基础设施、农业、水资源、海岸带和相关海域、森林和其他生态系统、人体健康、旅游业和其他产业七大重点任务等。2020年，中国启动编制《国家适应气候变化战略2035》，着力加强统筹指导和沟通协调，强化气候变化影响观测评估，提升重点领域和关键脆弱区域适应气候变化能力。

　　Pressing ahead with major national strategies to improve climate resilience. In order to carry out the climate adaptation related work in a coordinated way, China formulated the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in 2013, identifying guidelines, principles, and main targets of this undertaking from 2014 to 2020, and supervised the formulation and implementation of seven major tasks involving infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal zone and related sea areas, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries. In 2020, China started the preparation of the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035, which focused on overall guidance, communication, coordination, strengthening observation and assessment of climate change impacts, and improving the ability of major sectors and key vulnerable regions to adapt to climate change.

　　开展重点区域适应气候变化行动。在城市地区，制定城市适应气候变化行动方案，开展海绵城市以及气候适应型城市试点，提升城市基础设施建设的气候韧性，通过城市组团式布局和绿廊、绿道、公园等城市绿化环境建设，有效缓解城市热岛效应和相关气候风险，提升国家交通网络对低温冰雪、洪涝、台风等极端天气适应能力。在沿海地区，组织开展年度全国海平面变化监测、影响调查与评估，严格管控围填海，加强滨海湿地保护，提高沿海重点地区抵御气候变化风险能力。在其他重点生态地区，开展青藏高原、西北农牧交错带、西南石漠化地区、长江与黄河流域等生态脆弱地区气候适应与生态修复工作，协同提高适应气候变化能力。