政府报告双语翻译：《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》

　　Launching climate change adaptation actions in key regions. In urban areas, action plan for cities to adapt to climate change has been formulated, and pilot projects for “sponge cities” and climate-adaptive cities have been carried out to improve the resilience of urban infrastructure. The urban cluster configuration and urban afforestation efforts such as corridors, greenways, and parks have effectively alleviated the urban heat island (UHI) effect and other climate risks, and improved the national transport network’s ability to adapt to extreme weather conditions such as unusually high or low levels of rain or snow, temperature fluctuations, typhoons, and other phenomena. In coastal areas, nationwide sea level change monitoring and surveys and assessments have been carried out annually, and land reclamation from the sea has been strictly regulated. The government has strengthened protection of coastal wetland, and improved the ability of key coastal areas to deal with climate change risks. In other key eco-environmental areas including ecologically fragile areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, transition areas between cropland and grassland in the northwest, stony deserts in the southwest, and the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins, China has carried out climate adaption and ecological restoration efforts to improve the overall ability to adapt to climate change.

　　推进重点领域适应气候变化行动。在农业领域，加快转变农业发展方式，推进农业可持续发展，启动实施东北地区秸秆处理等农业绿色发展五大行动，提升农业减排固碳能力。大力研发推广防灾减灾增产、气候资源利用等农业气象灾害防御和适应新技术，完成农业气象灾害风险区划5000多项。在林业和草原领域，因地制宜、适地适树科学造林绿化，优化造林模式，培育健康森林，全面提升林业适应气候变化能力。加强各类林地的保护管理，构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，实施草原保护修复重大工程，恢复和增强草原生态功能。在水资源领域，完善防洪减灾体系，加强水利基础设施建设，提升水资源优化配置和水旱灾害防御能力。实施国家节水行动，建立水资源刚性约束制度，推进水资源消耗总量和强度双控，提高水资源集约节约利用水平。在公众健康领域，组织开展气候变化健康风险评估，提升中国适应气候变化保护人群健康能力。启动实施“健康环境促进行动”，开展气候敏感性疾病防控工作，加强应对气候变化卫生应急保障。

　　Promoting climate change adaptation actions in key sectors. In the agricultural sector, China has promoted sustainable agricultural development by transforming agricultural growth models. Capacity for agricultural emissions reduction and carbon sequestration has been strengthened thanks to the implementation of five major agricultural green development actions in Northeast China, including straw processing. The government has made every effort to develop and promote new technologies for the prevention and adaptation of agrometeorological disasters, such as those related to preventing and mitigating disaster, increasing production, and utilizing climate resources. It has completed more than 5,000 exercises in agrometeorological disaster risk zoning. In forestry and grassland, afforestation and greening efforts have been carried out scientifically in line with local conditions and suitable tree types. The optimized afforestation models guarantee forest health, thus comprehensively increasing the ability of forestry to adapt to climate change. The government has strengthened the protection and management of various types of forest lands, built a nature reserve system with a focus on national parks, implemented major grassland protection and restoration projects, and restored and reinforced grassland ecological functions. In the water resources sector, China has improved the flood prevention and disaster reduction system, strengthened the construction of water conservancy infrastructure, and optimized the allocation of water resources to prevent floods and droughts. In order to control the total amount and intensity of water consumption and ensure its intensive and economical use, nationwide water-saving campaigns have been launched and a rigid restraint system has been established. In the public health sector, the government has organized and carried out climate change related health risk assessment, and worked to improve the country’s ability to protect public health in the context of climate change. China has launched Healthy Environment Promotion Action, carried out prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases, and reinforced safeguards in response to the climate change health emergency.

　　强化监测预警和防灾减灾能力。强化自然灾害风险监测、调查和评估，完善自然灾害监测预警预报和综合风险防范体系。建立了全国范围内多种气象灾害长时间序列灾情数据库，完成国家级精细化气象灾害风险预警业务平台建设。建立空天地一体化的自然灾害综合风险监测预警系统，定期发布全国自然灾害风险形势报告。发布综合防灾减灾规划，指导气候变化背景下防灾减灾救灾工作。实施自然灾害防治九项重点工程建设，推动自然灾害防治能力持续提升，重点加强强对流天气、冰川灾害、堰塞湖等监测预警和会商研判。发挥国土空间规划对提升自然灾害防治能力的基础性作用。实现基层气象防灾减灾标准化全国县(区)全覆盖。

　　Strengthening monitoring, early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. Systems for natural disaster risk monitoring, investigation and assessment, early warning and forecasting, and comprehensive risk prevention have been optimized. China has established a nationwide long-term sequences disaster database for various meteorological disasters, and completed a national-level refined meteorological disaster risk early warning service platform. With the establishment of a comprehensive system that integrates air, space and land, China now publishes regular reports on national natural disaster risks. The government has promulgated national disaster prevention and mitigation plans to guide disaster prevention, mitigation and relief work in the context of climate change, carried out nine key projects for strengthening natural disaster prevention and control, monitoring, early warning, consultation and evaluation of severe convective weather, melting glaciers, and dammed lakes. Territorial space planning plays a key role in preventing and controlling natural disasters, and ensures that local-level meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation standards apply to all counties (districts) across the country.

　　(六)持续提升应对气候变化支撑水平

　　6. Increasing Support for Addressing Climate Change

　　中国高度重视应对气候变化支撑保障能力建设，不断完善温室气体排放统计核算体系，发挥绿色金融重要作用，提升科技创新支撑能力，积极推动应对气候变化技术转移转化。

　　China attaches great importance to developing support capacity to address climate change. It has continuously improved the statistical and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions, given a key role to green finance, and leveraged the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation to promote the transfer and application of climate change technologies.

　　完善温室气体排放统计核算体系。建立健全温室气体排放基础统计制度，提出涵盖气候变化及影响等5大类36个指标的应对气候变化统计指标体系，在此基础上构建应对气候变化统计报表制度，持续对统计报表进行整体更新与修订。编制国家温室气体清单，在已提交中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报的基础上，提交两次国家信息通报和两次两年更新报告。推动企业温室气体排放核算和报告，印发24个行业企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南，组织开展企业温室气体排放报告工作。碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组办公室设立碳排放统计核算工作组，加快完善碳排放统计核算体系。

　　Improving the statistical and accounting systems of greenhouse gas emissions. China has established and improved a basic statistical system for measuring greenhouse gas emissions. It has proposed a statistical indicator system on climate change response involving 36 indicators grouped into 5 categories, including climate change and impact. It has launched a statistical report on climate change response on this basis, and continued to update and revise the report. It has compiled a greenhouse gas inventory, and submitted two national reports and two two-year update reports based on the Initial National Report on Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. The government has urged enterprises to improve their accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, issued appropriate guidelines for 24 industries, and organized companies to prepare greenhouse gas emission reports. The Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality has formed a taskforce to speed up efforts to upgrade the carbon emission statistical and accounting system.

　　加强绿色金融支持。中国不断加大资金投入，支持应对气候变化工作。加强绿色金融顶层设计，先后在浙江、江西、广东、贵州、甘肃、新疆等六省(区)九地设立了绿色金融改革创新试验区，强化金融支持绿色低碳转型功能，引导试验区加快经验复制推广。出台气候投融资综合配套政策，统筹推进气候投融资标准体系建设，强化市场资金引导机制，推动气候投融资试点工作。大力发展绿色信贷，完善绿色债券配套政策，发布相关支持项目目录，有效引导社会资本支持应对气候变化。截至2020年末，中国绿色贷款余额11.95万亿元，其中清洁能源贷款余额为3.2万亿元，绿色债券市场累计发行约1.2万亿元，存量规模达8000亿元，位于世界第二。

　　Increasing green finance support. China continues to increase investment to support efforts to tackle climate change. It has improved the top-level design of green finance, and set up nine pilot zones for reform and innovation of green finance in six provincial-level administrative units, namely, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Xinjiang, and Zhejiang. It has strengthened financial support for green and low-carbon transformation, and encouraged pilot zones to introduce successful practices to more regions. It has introduced comprehensive support policies for climate investment and financing, and pressed for building a standard system accordingly. It has also strengthened market funding guidance and promoted pilot work in climate investment and financing. It has encouraged the development of green credit mechanisms, improved supporting policies for green bonds, and published a catalog of related supporting projects, effectively guiding private capital in addressing climate change. As of the end of 2020, China’s balance of green loans amounted to RMB11.95 trillion, of which the clean energy loan balance was RMB3.2 trillion. China has issued a total of about RMB1.2 trillion of green bonds, with roughly RMB800 billion outstanding, making it the world’s second-biggest green bond market.

　　强化科技创新支撑。科技创新在发现、揭示和应对气候变化问题中发挥着基础性作用，在推动绿色低碳转型中将发挥关键性作用。中国先后发布应对气候变化相关科技创新专项规划、技术推广清单、绿色产业目录，全面部署了应对气候变化科技工作，持续开展应对气候变化基础科学研究，强化智库咨询支撑，加强低碳技术研发应用。国家重点研发计划开展10余个应对气候变化科技研发重大专项，积极推广温室气体削减和利用领域143项技术的应用。鼓励企业牵头绿色技术研发项目，支持绿色技术成果转移转化，建立综合性国家级绿色技术交易市场，引导企业采用先进适用的节能低碳新工艺和技术。成立二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存(以下简称CCUS)创业技术创新战略联盟、CCUS专委会等专门机构，持续推动CCUS领域技术进步、成果转化。

　　Strengthening the role of scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation plays a fundamental role in identifying, analyzing, and responding to issues related to climate change, and is set to play a crucial role in promoting the green and low-carbon transition. China has issued a series of climate change-related special plans for technological innovation, technology promotion lists, and green industry catalogs. The government has committed to basic scientific research on climate change, emphasized the consulting function of think tanks, and promoted the research, development, and application of low-carbon technologies. More than 10 major climate change-related research and development projects have been carried out, and the application of 143 technologies in the field of greenhouse gas reduction and utilization has been promoted under the national key research and development plan. The government has encouraged enterprises to take the lead in green technology research and development, supported the transfer and application of green technology achievements, established a comprehensive national-level green technology trading market, and guided enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable energy-saving and low-carbon new technologies. China has established a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) entrepreneurial technology innovation strategic alliance, along with a special committee and other institutions, to promote technical progress and the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field.

　　三、中国应对气候变化发生历史性变化

　　III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change

　　中国坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，立足国内、胸怀世界，以中国智慧和中国方案推动经济社会绿色低碳转型发展不断取得新成效，以大国担当为全球应对气候变化作出积极贡献。

　　China upholds the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Based on domestic realities and taking into consideration the international situation, China continues to employ its wisdom and apply its solutions to the transition to green and low-carbon social and economic development. As a responsible major country, it is making its due contribution to the global response to climate change.

　　(一)经济发展与减污降碳协同效应凸显

　　1. Coordinating Economic Development with Reductions in Pollution and Carbon Emissions

　　中国坚定不移走绿色、低碳、可持续发展道路，致力于将绿色发展理念融汇到经济建设的各方面和全过程，绿色已成为经济高质量发展的亮丽底色，在经济社会持续健康发展的同时，碳排放强度显著下降。2020年中国碳排放强度比2015年下降18.8%，超额完成“十三五”约束性目标，比2005年下降48.4%，超额完成了中国向国际社会承诺的到2020年下降40%-45%的目标，累计少排放二氧化碳约58亿吨，基本扭转了二氧化碳排放快速增长的局面。与此同时，中国经济实现跨越式发展，2020年GDP比2005年增长超4倍，取得了近1亿农村贫困人口脱贫的巨大胜利，完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务。中国生态环境保护工作也取得历史性成就，环境“颜值”普遍提升，美丽中国建设迈出坚实步伐。“十三五”规划纲要确定的生态环境约束性指标均圆满超额完成。其中，全国地级及以上城市优良天数比率为87%(目标84.5%);PM2.5未达标地级及以上城市平均浓度相比2015年下降28.8%(目标18%);全国地表水优良水质断面比例提高到83.4%(目标70%);劣Ⅴ类水体比例下降到0.6%(目标5%);二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量、氨氮排放量和单位GDP二氧化碳排放指标，均在2019年提前完成“十三五”目标基础上继续保持下降。污染防治攻坚战阶段性目标任务高质量完成。蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，七大标志性战役取得决定性成效。重污染天数明显减少。

　　China follows the path of green, low-carbon and sustainable development, and is committed to integrating green development into the whole process of economic development. Greenness has become an integral component of sustained and high-quality social and economic development, and China’s carbon intensity has decreased significantly.

　　China’s carbon intensity in 2020 was 18.8 percent lower than that in 2015, a better result than the binding target set in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). The figure was also 48.4 percent less than that in 2005, which means that China had more than fulfilled its commitment to the international community – to achieve a 40-45 percent reduction in carbon intensity from the 2005 level by 2020. The drop in carbon intensity translates to a total reduction of about 5.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions from 2005 to 2020, and demonstrates that China has largely reversed the rapid growth of its carbon dioxide emissions.

　　At the same time, China’s economy has achieved leapfrog development. Its GDP in 2020 was more than four times greater than in 2005. It has achieved a great victory in moving nearly 100 million rural poor out of poverty, and succeeded in the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty.

　　China has also achieved remarkable successes in eco-environmental protection, and the overall environment is becoming more beautiful. It has taken solid steps to build a beautiful China. The binding eco-environmental targets set in the 13th Five-Year Plan have all been exceeded. The following results were achieved in 2020:

　　The ratio of days with “excellent” air quality in cities at and above prefecture level was 87 percent (against a target of 84.5 percent).

　　The average concentration of PM2.5 in cities at and above prefecture level went down by 28.8 percent from the 2015 level (against a target of 18 percent).

　　The combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water increased to 83.4 percent (against a target of 70 percent).

　　The proportion of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V decreased to 0.6 percent (against a target of 5 percent).

　　Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen emissions and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have continued to decline after China completed the 13th Five-Year Plan ahead of schedule in 2019. The phased objectives and tasks of pollution prevention and control have been completed to a high standard. The battles to defend blue skies, clear waters and clean land and the seven landmark campaigns for pollution prevention and control have achieved decisive results. The number of days with heavy pollution has decreased significantly.

　　(二)能源生产和消费革命取得显著成效

　　2. Remarkable Results in Revolutionizing Energy Production and Consumption

　　中国坚定不移实施能源安全新战略，能源生产和利用方式发生重大变革，能源发展取得历史性成就，为服务高质量发展、打赢脱贫攻坚战和全面建成小康社会提供重要支撑，为应对气候变化、建设清洁美丽世界作出积极贡献。

　　China has committed to implementing a new energy security strategy, with major changes made in energy production and utilization, and historic achievements in energy development. These provide vital momentum to achieve high-quality development, win the battle against poverty, and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. They also contribute to China’s drive to mitigate climate change and build a clean and beautiful world.

　　非化石能源快速发展。中国把非化石能源放在能源发展优先位置，大力开发利用非化石能源，推进能源绿色低碳转型。初步核算，2020年，中国非化石能源占能源消费总量比重提高到15.9%，比2005年大幅提升了8.5个百分点;中国非化石能源发电装机总规模达到9.8亿千瓦，占总装机的比重达到44.7%，其中，风电、光伏、水电、生物质发电、核电装机容量分别达到2.8亿千瓦、2.5亿千瓦、3.7亿千瓦、2952万千瓦、4989万千瓦，光伏和风电装机容量较2005年分别增加了3000多倍和200多倍。非化石能源发电量达到2.6万亿千瓦时，占全社会用电量的比重达到三分之一以上。