政府报告白皮书：《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》

　　政府报告白皮书：《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》

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　　关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场

　　The Facts and China’s Position on China-US Trade Friction

　　中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

　　Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

　　2018年9月

　　September 2018

　　目录

　　Contents

　　前言

　　Foreword

　　一、中美经贸合作互利共赢

　　I. Mutually-beneficial and win-win cooperation between China and the US in trade and economy

　　二、中美经贸关系的事实

　　II. Clarifications of the facts about China-US trade and economic cooperation

　　三、美国政府的贸易保护主义行为

　　III. The trade protectionist practices of the US administration

　　四、美国政府的贸易霸凌主义行为

　　IV. The trade bullyism practices of the US administration

　　五、美国政府不当做法对世界经济发展的危害

　　V. Damage of the improper practices of the US administration to global economy

　　六、中国的立场

　　VI. China’s position

　　前言

　　Foreword

　　中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，美国是世界上最大的发达国家。中美经贸关系既对两国意义重大，也对全球经济稳定和发展有着举足轻重的影响。

　　China is the world’s biggest developing country and the United States is the biggest developed country. Trade and economic relations between China and the US are of great significance for the two countries as well as for the stability and development of the world economy.

　　中美两国建交以来，双边经贸关系持续发展，利益交汇点不断增多，形成了紧密合作关系，不仅使两国共同获益，而且惠及全球。特别是进入新世纪以来，在经济全球化快速发展过程中，中美两国遵循双边协定和世界贸易组织等多边规则，拓展深化经贸合作，基于比较优势和市场选择形成了结构高度互补、利益深度交融的互利共赢关系。双方通过优势互补、互通有无，有力促进了各自经济发展和产业结构优化升级，同时提升了全球价值链效率与效益，降低了生产成本，丰富了商品种类，极大促进了两国企业和消费者利益。

　　Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, bilateral trade and economic ties between China and the US have developed steadily. A close partnership has been forged under which interests of the two countries have become closer and wider. Both countries have benefited from this partnership, as has the rest of the world. Since the beginning of the new century in particular, alongside rapid progress in economic globalization, China and the US have observed bilateral treaties and multilateral rules such as the WTO rules, and economic and trade relations have grown deeper and wider. Based on their comparative strengths and the choices of the market, the two countries have built up a mutually beneficial relationship featuring structural synergy and convergence of interests. Close cooperation and economic complementarity between China and the US have boosted economic growth, industrial upgrading and structural optimization in both countries, and at the same time enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of global value chains, reduced production costs, offered greater product variety, and generated enormous benefit for businesses and consumers in both countries.

　　中美两国经济发展阶段、经济制度不同，存在经贸摩擦是正常的，关键是如何增进互信、促进合作、管控分歧。长期以来，两国政府本着平等、理性、相向而行的原则，先后建立了中美商贸联委会、战略经济对话、战略与经济对话、全面经济对话等沟通协调机制，双方为此付出了不懈努力，保障了中美经贸关系在近40年时间里克服各种障碍，不断向前发展，成为中美关系的压舱石和推进器。

　　China and the US are at different stages of development. They have different economic systems. Therefore, some level of trade friction is only natural. The key however lies in how to enhance mutual trust, promote cooperation, and manage differences. In the spirit of equality, rationality, and moving to meet each other halfway, the two countries have set up a number of communication and coordination mechanisms such as the Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, the Strategic and Economic Dialogue, and the Comprehensive Economic Dialogue. Each has made tremendous efforts to overcome all kinds of obstacles and move economic and trade relations forward, which has served as the ballast and propeller of the overall bilateral relationship.

　　2017年新一届美国政府上任以来，在“美国优先”的口号下，抛弃相互尊重、平等协商等国际交往基本准则，实行单边主义、保护主义和经济霸权主义，对许多国家和地区特别是中国作出一系列不实指责，利用不断加征关税等手段进行经济恫吓，试图采取极限施压方法将自身利益诉求强加于中国。面对这种局面，中国从维护两国共同利益和世界贸易秩序大局出发，坚持通过对话协商解决争议的基本原则，以最大的耐心和诚意回应美国关切，以求同存异的态度妥善处理分歧，克服各种困难，同美国开展多轮对话磋商，提出务实解决方案，为稳定双边经贸关系作出了艰苦努力。然而，美国出尔反尔、不断发难，导致中美经贸摩擦在短时间内持续升级，使两国政府和人民多年努力培养起来的中美经贸关系受到极大损害，也使多边贸易体制和自由贸易原则遭遇严重威胁。

　　Since taking office in 2017, the new administration of the US government has trumpeted “America First”. It has abandoned the fundamental norms of mutual respect and equal consultation that guide international relations. Rather, it has brazenly preached unilateralism, protectionism and economic hegemony, making false accusations against many countries and regions – particularly China – intimidating other countries through economic measures such as imposing tariffs, and attempting to impose its own interests on China through extreme pressure.

　　China has responded from the perspective of the common interests of both parties as well as the world trade order. It is observing the principle of resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, and answering the US concerns with the greatest level of patience and good faith. The Chinese side has been dealing with these differences with an attitude of seeking common ground while shelving divergence. It has overcome many difficulties and made enormous efforts to stabilize China-US economic and trade relations by holding rounds of discussions with the US side and proposing practical solutions. However, the US side has been contradicting itself and constantly challenging China. As a result, trade and economic friction between the two sides has escalated quickly over a short period of time, causing serious damage to the economic and trade relations which have developed over the years through the collective work of the two governments and the two peoples, and posing a grave threat to the multilateral trading system and the principle of free trade.

　　为澄清中美经贸关系事实，阐明中国对中美经贸摩擦的政策立场，推动问题合理解决，中国政府特发布此白皮书。

　　In order to clarify the facts about China-US economic and trade relations, clarify China’s stance on trade friction with the US, and pursue reasonable solutions, the government of China is publishing this White Paper.

　　一、中美经贸合作互利共赢

　　I. Mutually-beneficial and win-win cooperation between China and the US in trade and economy

　　中美建交以来，双边经贸关系不断发展，贸易和投资等合作取得丰硕成果，实现了优势互补、互利共赢。中国从中受益匪浅，美国也从中获得了广泛、巨大的经济利益，分享了中国发展带来的机遇和成果。事实证明，良好的中美经贸关系对两国发展都具有重要意义，合则两利，斗则两伤。

　　Economic and trade relations have developed steadily since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the US, with fruitful results achieved in trade and investment. China benefits remarkably from the strong synergy, while the US also reaps extensive economic benefits from the opportunities and results generated by China’s growth. It is self-evident that a sound China-US economic and trade relationship is very important for both countries. Cooperation serves the interests of the two sides and conflict can only hurt both.

　　(一)中美双方互为重要的货物贸易伙伴

　　China and the US are important partners for each other in trade in goods.

　　双边货物贸易快速增长。根据中国有关部门统计数据，2017年中美双边货物贸易额达5837亿美元，是1979年建交时的233倍，是2001年中国加入世界贸易组织时的7倍多。目前，美国是中国第一大货物出口市场和第六大进口来源地，2017年中国对美国出口、从美国进口分别占中国出口和进口的19%和8%;中国是美国增长最快的出口市场和第一大进口来源地，2017年美国对华出口占美国出口的8%。

　　Two-way trade in goods has grown rapidly. Chinese statistics show that trade in goods between China and the US in 2017 amounted to US$583.7 billion, a 233-fold increase from 1979 when the two countries forged diplomatic ties, as well as a seven-fold increase from 2001 when China joined the World Trade Organization. Currently, the US is China’s biggest export market and sixth biggest source of imports. In 2017, the US took 19% of China’s exports and provided 8% of China’s imports. China is the fastest growing export market for US goods and the biggest source of imports of the United States. In 2017, 8% of US exports went to China.

　　美国对华出口增速明显快于其对全球出口。中国加入世界贸易组织以来，美国对华出口快速增长，中国成为美国重要的出口市场。根据联合国统计，2017年美国对华货物出口1298.9亿美元，较2001年的191.8亿美元增长577%，远远高于同期美国对全球112%的出口增幅(图1)。

　　US exports to China are growing much faster than its global average. Since its accession to the WTO, China has become an important market for US exports, which have grown rapidly. UN statistics indicate that in 2017 US exports of goods to China amounted to US$129.89 billion, a 577% increase from US$19.18 billion in 2001, and far higher than the 112% average growth rate of overall US exports (Chart 1).

　　中国是美国飞机、农产品、汽车、集成电路的重要出口市场。中国是美国飞机和大豆的第一大出口市场，汽车、集成电路、棉花的第二大出口市场。2017年美国出口中57%的大豆、25%的波音飞机、20%的汽车、14%的集成电路、17%的棉花都销往中国。

　　China is an import market for US goods such as airplanes, agricultural produce, automobiles, and integrated circuits. China represents the No. 1 export market for US airplanes and soybeans, and the No. 2 export market for US automobiles, IC products and cotton. In 2017 China took 57% of US soybean exports, 25% of Boeing aircraft, 20% of automobiles, 14% of ICs and 17% of cotton.

　　中美双边贸易互补性强。美国居于全球价值链的中高端，对华出口多为资本品和中间品，中国居于中低端，对美出口多为消费品和最终产品，两国发挥各自比较优势，双边贸易呈互补关系。2017年中国向美国出口前三大类商品为电机电气设备及其零附件、机械器具及零件、家具寝具灯具等，合计占比为53.5%。中国从美国进口前三大类商品为电机电气设备及其零附件、机械器具及零件、车辆及其零附件，合计占比为31.8%。机电产品在中美双边贸易中占重要比重，产业内贸易特征较为明显(表1)。中国对美出口的“高技术产品”，大多只是在华完成劳动密集型加工环节，包含大量关键零部件和中间产品的进口与国际转移价值。

　　China-US bilateral trade has a strong complementarity. The US stands at the mid-and high-end in global value chains and it exports capital goods and intermediary goods to China. Remaining at the mid-and low-end in global value chains, China mainly exports consumer goods and finished products to the US. The two countries play to their comparative strengths and the two-way trade is highly complementary. In 2017, the top three categories of Chinese exports to the US were:

　　electric machines/electrical products/equipment and components,

　　mechanical apparatus and components, and

　　furniture/bedding/lamps,

　　which accounted for 53.5% of its total exports to the US. The top three categories of products that China imported from the US were：

　　machinery/electric equipment/ components and accessories,

　　mechanical apparatus and components, and

　　automobile and components and accessories,

　　which accounted for 31.8% of total import from the US. Machinery and electronic products take a lion’s share of two-way trade, and there is an evident characteristic of intra-industry trade. (Table 1) For most of the hi-tech products that China exports to the US, only labor-intensive processing takes place in China, involving large-scale import of key components and intermediary products as well as international transfer of value.

　　(二)中美双边服务贸易快速增长

　　2. Bilateral trade in services is developing quickly.

　　美国服务业高度发达，产业门类齐全，国际竞争力强。随着中国经济发展和人民生活水平提升，服务需求明显扩大，双方服务贸易快速增长。据美国方面统计，2007-2017年，中美服务贸易额由249.4亿美元扩大到750.5亿美元，增长了2倍。2017年，据中国商务部统计，美国是中国第二大服务贸易伙伴;据美国商务部统计，中国是美国第三大服务出口市场。

　　The US has a highly-advanced and fully-fledged service industry which is very competitive on the international market. Accompanying the growth of the Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese people’s living standards is an obvious rise in demand for services and rapid growth in bilateral services trade. According to US statistics, two-way trade in services rose from US$24.94 billion in 2007 to US$75.05 billion in 2017. According to MOFCOM, the US was China’s second biggest services trade partner; according to USDOC, China is the third biggest market for US service exports.

　　美国是中国服务贸易最大逆差来源地，且逆差快速扩大。据美国方面统计，2007-2017年，美国对华服务出口额由131.4亿美元扩大到576.3亿美元，增长了3.4倍，而同期美国对世界其他国家和地区的服务出口额增长1.8倍，美国对华服务贸易年度顺差扩大30倍至402亿美元(图2)。目前，美国是中国服务贸易逆差最大来源国，占中国服务贸易逆差总额的20%左右。中国对美服务贸易逆差主要集中在旅行、运输和知识产权使用费三个领域。

　　The US is the biggest source of China’s deficit in services trade and this deficit has been increasing fast. US statistics show that US service exports to China grew 340% from US$13.14 billion in 2007 to US$57.63 billion in 2017 while its service exports to other countries and regions in the same period grew by 180%. The US surplus with China in services multiplied by a factor of 30 to US 40.2 billion. (Chart 2) At present, the US represents roughly 20% of China’s total deficit in services trade, the biggest source of this deficit. China’s deficit with the US is concentrated in three areas, travel, transport and intellectual property royalties.

　　中国对美旅行服务贸易逆差不断扩大。据美国商务部统计，截至2016年，中国内地到访美国的游客数量已连续13年增长，其中12年的增速都达到两位数。中国商务部统计显示，2017年中国游客赴美旅游、留学、就医等旅行支出合计达510亿美元，其中赴美游客约300万人次，在美旅游支出高达330亿美元。在教育方面，美国是中国学生出境留学第一大目的地，2017年中国在美留学生约42万人，为美国贡献约180亿美元收入。根据美国方面统计，中国对美国旅行服务贸易逆差从2006年的4.3亿美元扩大至2016年的262亿美元，年均增长50.8%。

　　China’s trade deficit with the US in tourism continues to widen. According to the DOC, by 2016 the number of Chinese mainland visitors to the US had been increasing for 13 consecutive years, with double-digit growth in 12 of the 13 years. MOFCOM statistics suggest that in 2017 Chinese visitors going to the US for tourism, education, and medical treatment spent a total of US$51 billion in the US. Among them, 3 million were tourists, who spent as much as US$33 billion while traveling in the US. In education, the US is the largest overseas destination for Chinese students. In 2017, there were around 420,000 Chinese students in the US, contributing some US$18 billion to local revenues. According to US figures, China’s trade deficit with the US in tourism grew from US$430 million in 2006 to US$26.2 billion in 2016, registering an average annual growth of 50.8%.

　　中国对美国支付知识产权使用费持续增加。据中国有关方面统计，美国是中国第一大版权引进来源国，2012-2016年，中国自美国引进版权近2.8万项。中国对美国支付的知识产权使用费从2011年的34.6亿美元增加至2017年的72亿美元，6年时间翻了一番(图3)。其中2017年中国对美支付占中国对外支付知识产权使用费总额的四分之一。

　　China’s payments for the use of US intellectual property continues to rise. Chinese statistics indicate that the US is the largest source of intellectual property imports to China. From 2012 to 2016, China imported nearly 28,000 items of intellectual property from the US. China’s payments for US intellectual property doubled in six years from US$3.46 billion in 2011 to US$7.2 billion in 2017. (Chart 3) In breakdown, China’s intellectual property payments to the US accounted for a quarter of its total intellectual property payments to foreign countries.