政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.” Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party’s Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the “people’s wish for a better life” as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China’s per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.

　　为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，中国共产党统筹推进经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的“四个全面”战略布局，在推动经济发展的基础上，建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、生态文明、和谐社会，协同推进人民富裕、国家强盛、中国美丽，更加扎实有效地保障和促进发展权的实现。

　　To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people’s right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.

　　——总体发展规划

　　Overall Development Plans

　　按照建设社会主义现代化国家的要求和发展战略，中国政府制定国家发展规划，保障发展权的实现。从1953年到2001年，每5年制定一个国家发展计划，对国家经济、文化、社会等各方面发展作出安排。自2006年起，改计划为规划，实现了从具体、微观、指标性的发展计划向宏观的国民经济和社会发展规划的转变。到目前为止，中国已经连续制定了十三个国民经济和社会发展计划或规划。“五年规划”是连接国家发展总目标和具体实施计划的纽带，为有计划、分阶段、稳扎稳打地推进发展权的实现，确立了中长期指导思想、目标方向、基本要求和实施举措。

　　In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people’s right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country’s economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date, China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation’s economic and social development. These plans have connected the country’s overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people’s right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.

　　2015年10月29日，中共十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》。2016年3月16日，十二届全国人大四次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》。《建议》和《纲要》坚持新发展理念，按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求，注重机会公平，保障基本民生，着力增进人民福祉，实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。《建议》和《纲要》在公平分享发展成果上进行重点突破，主要包括增加公共服务供给、实施脱贫攻坚工程、提高教育质量、促进教育公平、促进就业创业、缩小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持续的社会保障制度、推进健康中国建设、促进人口均衡发展。

　　On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development.” On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress approved by vote the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People’s Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development.” Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people’s wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.

　　中国还通过国家人权行动计划落实发展权。中国先后制定实施《国家人权行动计划(2009-2010年)》《国家人权行动计划(2012-2015年)》和《国家人权行动计划(2016-2020年)》。国家人权行动计划把保障发展权放在保障人权的首要位置，着力解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，在推动经济社会又好又快发展的基础上，保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。

　　China ensures its people’s right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the “National Human Rights Action Plan” (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people’s right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.

　　——专项行动计划

　　Special Action Plans

　　中国政府制定经济、文化、社会和环境等方面的专项行动计划，落实人民发展权。广泛实施了涉及扶贫、互联网、创新创业、科技、贸易、区域发展等行动计划，如推进农民创业创新行动计划、科技特派员农村科技创业行动、开发农业农村资源支持农民工等人员返乡创业行动计划、科技富民强县专项行动计划、科技助推西部地区转型发展行动计划和科技服务东北老工业基地振兴行动计划等。有效实施了教育发展、人口素质提升、人才奖励、文化产业等行动计划，如面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划、农村义务教育阶段学校教师特设岗位计划、特殊教育提升计划、救助贫困地区失学女童重返校园的“春蕾计划”和东部城市对口支持西部地区人才培训计划等。实施了有关就业、社会保障、食品与医疗、残疾预防、全民健身等方面的一系列行动计划，如关于就业的春风行动，关于社会保障的全民参保计划，消除疟疾行动计划，预防与控制医院感染行动计划，伤残儿童康复合作项目行动计划，提高出生人口素质、减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划，残疾预防行动计划，营养改善行动计划和全民健身计划等。推出了污染防治、节能、生物多样性等方面的行动计划，如水污染防治行动计划、高风险污染物削减行动计划、煤炭清洁高效利用行动计划、煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划、生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。

　　The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people’s right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people’s lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers’ status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.

　　中国还通过制定专项规划落实少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等群体的发展权。中国发布了少数民族事业发展规划、中国妇女发展纲要、中国儿童发展纲要、老龄事业发展规划和残疾人事业发展纲要等，明确发展目标，采取积极策略措施，针对不同群体发展的重点难点问题，精准发力，使他们能够同步发展，共享改革发展成果。

　　China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.

　　——司法救济机制

　　The Judicial Remedy Mechanism

　　中国不断加强发展权的司法保护与司法救济，构建起发展权司法救济机制，防止和惩治对发展权的侵害。

　　China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people’s right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people’s right to development.

　　深化国家司法救助制度改革，切实保障困难群体的发展权利。对遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵权，无法通过诉讼获得有效赔偿的当事人，国家提供司法救助，重点解决符合条件的特定案件当事人生活面临的急迫困难。国家司法救助以支付救助金为主要方式，同时与思想疏导、宣传教育相结合，与法律援助、诉讼救济相配套，与其他社会救助相衔接。探索建立刑事案件伤员急救“绿色通道”、对遭受严重心理创伤的被害人实施心理治疗、对行动不便的受害人提供社工帮助等多种救助方式，进一步增强救助效果。2014年，国家颁布《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见(试行)》后，司法救助的范围与数量大幅上升。2014年、2015年，中央和地方安排司法救助资金总额分别为24.7亿元、29.49亿元，2014年共有8万余名当事人得到司法救助。各级法院2013年至2015年共为诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元，保障生活困难群众依法参与诉讼的权利。