政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　Cultural development for the elderly, the disabled and rural migrant workers has received high attention. Relying on public libraries, cultural centers and other cultural facilities, China has opened a group of demonstration universities for the elderly to meet their multi-level cultural demands. China has also improved the environment for the disabled, encouraging them to participate in cultural and sports activities. By the end of 2015, China had more than 300,000 liaison stations for volunteers helping the disabled, with 8.5 million registered volunteers, providing 100 million interventions on behalf of the disabled. China has issued the “Outline for the National IT Application Development Strategy,” enhanced information accessibility of government websites, and encouraged non-governmental organizations to provide individualized information services to the disabled. The official website of the State Council (http://www.gov.cn/) has opened a special column for services for the disabled. The China Braille Library and China Digital Library for the visually impaired went online. By the end of 2014, China had set up 1,515 reading rooms for the visually impaired in public libraries at all levels nationwide. By the end of 2015, China had set up 65,918 public e-libraries, mainly to serve the elderly and rural migrant workers.

　　六、全面提升社会发展

　　VI. Promoting Social Development

　　中国以追求全体人民共享发展和共同富裕为发展目标。多年来，中国致力于发展各项社会事业，建立和完善各类社会保障和社会服务制度，不断改善社会保障水平，努力供给有效的社会资源，促进教育公平，使全体人民共享发展成果。

　　China pursues shared development and common prosperity for all people as its development goals.

　　Over the years, China has been committed to developing various social undertakings, establishing and improving various types of social security and social service systems, and continuously improving the provision of social security. It has striven to provide effective social resources and promote equal access to education so that all share the fruits of development.

　　——人民健康权保障水平大幅提高。婴儿死亡率从新中国成立之初的200‰下降到2015年的8.1‰，孕产妇死亡率从1500/10万下降到20.1/10万。1978年至2015年，国家卫生总费用从110.21亿元增长到40974.64亿元，其中政府卫生支出从35.44亿元增长到12475.28亿元;人均卫生费用从11.5元增长到2980.8元;医疗卫生机构从169732个增长到983528个;卫生人员总数从788.3万人增长到1069.39万人。2015年，社区医疗卫生服务机构数达到36.1万个，覆盖率为52.9%。提供住宿的社会服务机构床位从1991年的82.8万张增长到2015年的732.9万张，其中养老服务床位从78.3万张增长到672.7万张，儿童床位从0.7万张增长到10万张。1988年至2015年，通过实施国家重点康复工程，累计为2797.8万各类残疾人提供康复服务。截至2015年年底，残疾人康复机构达7111个，专业人员达19.2万人;为智力、精神和重度残疾人提供服务的各级各类托养机构达到6352个，比2010年增加了2323个。2016年10月，中国发布《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》，提出“全民健身生活化”。

　　Protection of the right to health has significantly increased. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 20 percent in 1949, when the PRC was founded, to 0.81 percent in 2015, and the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 1,500 per 100,000 to 20.1 per 100,000. From 1978 to 2015, total national expenditure on health increased from RMB11.02 billion to RMB4.10 trillion, of which government expenditure on health increased from RMB3.54 billion to RMB1.25 trillion. Per capita health expenditure increased from RMB11.5 to RMB2,980.8, the number of medical and health institutions grew from 169,732 to 983,528, and the total number of health workers increased from 7,883,000 to 10,693,900. In 2015, the number of community medical and health service centers reached 361,000, with the coverage of 52.9 percent. The number of beds in social service institutions with accommodation increased from 828,000 in 1991 to 7,329,000 in 2015, of which beds for the elderly increased from 783,000 to 6,727,000, and those for children increased from 7,000 to 100,000. From 1988 to 2015 the government carried out a key state rehabilitation campaign, offering rehabilitation services for 27.98 million people with disabilities. By the end of 2015, there were 7,111 rehabilitation institutions for disabled persons, which employed 192,000 professionals, and 6,352 nursing agencies offering services to persons with learning, mental and physical disabilities, 2,323 more than the figure in 2010. In October 2016, China published the “Outline of Healthy China 2030” program, advocating that all people make fitness activities part of their life.

　　——覆盖全社会的保障体系基本建成。中国在全国范围内建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，制定了劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工和城乡居民基本养老保险的制度衔接政策，2015年全国参加基本养老保险人数为8.58亿人，城乡居民实际领取养老待遇人数为1.48亿人。中国建立了覆盖全体国民的医疗保障体系，截至2015年年底，包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险参保人数达13.36亿人，参保率保持在95%以上，职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗政策范围内住院医疗费用报销比例分别达80%以上、70%以上和75%左右，基金最高支付限额分别提高到当地职工年平均工资和当地居民年人均可支配收入的6倍。1994年至2015年，失业保险参保人数从7967.8万人增长到17609.2万人，2015年保险基金收入达1364.63亿元，基金支出736.45亿元，每人每月平均领取失业保险金增加到968.4元;工伤预防、补偿、康复“三位一体”的工伤保险制度初步形成，参保人数从1822万人增长到21432万人;生育保险参保人数从916万人增加到17771万人。

　　A security system covering the whole of society has taken shape. China has established a unified basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents throughout the country, and formulated policies to allow workers, and especially rural migrant workers, to participate in basic pension insurance for urban workers and for urban and rural residents. In 2015, 858 million people were covered by the basic pension insurance scheme, and 148 million urban and rural residents were receiving pensions. By the end of 2015, China had established a medical insurance system covering all citizens. The basic medical insurance for urban workers, basic medical insurance for urban residents, and the new rural cooperative medical insurance cover a total of 1,336 million people, keeping the insured rate above 95 percent. The reimbursement rate of hospitalization expenses for workers within the scope of the basic medical insurance exceeded 80 percent, with an increased maximum payment of six times the average annual salary of local workers, and the rate for urban residents within the coverage of the basic medical insurance was around 70 percent, an increase to six times the per capita disposable income of local residents. The reimbursement rates of hospitalization expenses for rural residents within the scope of the new rural cooperative insurance was above 75 percent. From 1994 to 2015, the number of people covered by unemployment insurance increased from 79.68 million to 176.09 million. In 2015, the revenues of the unemployment insurance fund reached RMB136.46 billion, and the expenditure was RMB73.65 billion, and the average monthly payment to the unemployed was increased to RMB968.4. The framework of a work-related injury insurance system involving work injury prevention, compensation, and rehabilitation has been established, which has seen the number of insured growing from 18.22 million in 1994 to 214.32 million in 2015. The number of women covered by the maternity insurance program increased from 9.16 million to 177.71 million.

　　——社会救助力度不断加大。1997年，中国开始在全国范围内建立最低生活保障制度，先后颁布了《城市居民最低生活保障条例》《社会救助暂行办法》，保障全体公民平等获取社会救助的权利。城市居民最低生活保障人数从1996年的84.9万人增长到2015年的1701.1万人，农村居民最低生活保障人数从1999年的265.8万人增长到2015年的4903.6万人。中国不断提高最低生活保障标准，2011年正式建立城乡低保标准动态调整机制，2015年城市低保平均标准为每人每月451元，月人均补助水平317元;农村低保平均标准为每人每月265元，月人均补助水平147元。中国先后制定了一系列的防灾减灾救灾规划和法规，灾害救助工作水平不断提高。2009年至2015年，累计下拨中央自然灾害生活救助资金694.6亿元，年均99亿元。2015年全国实施医疗救助9523.8万人次，支出医疗救助资金298.5亿元。为遭遇突发性、紧迫性、临时性生活困难，而其他社会救助制度暂时无法覆盖或救助之后基本生活暂时仍有严重困难的群众提供临时救助，2015年共有667.1万户次家庭获得临时救助。安全生产应急救援体系不断完善，全国共建立32个省级、316个市级应急救援指挥机构，煤矿、非煤矿山、化工等重点行业领域应急救援基地和应急救援队伍964个，2015年参与12438起救援，抢救遇险44344人。

　　Social assistance efforts continue to increase. In 1997, the Chinese government began to establish a nationwide system of basic living allowances. It promulgated the Regulations on Guaranteeing Basic Living Allowances for Urban Residents in 1999 and the Interim Measures for Social Assistance in 2014, to ensure all citizens have equal access to social assistance. From 1996 to 2015, the number of urban residents covered by the system of basic living allowances increased from 849,000 to 17.01 million, and, from 1999 to 2015, coverage of rural residents grew from 2.66 million to 49.04 million. The government continues to raise the basic living allowances. In 2011, it formally established a dynamic adjustment mechanism for basic living allowances. In 2015, the average basic living allowance line for urban residents was RMB451 per person per month, and the average monthly subsidy each person received from the government was RMB317. The average basic living allowance line for rural residents was RMB265 per person per month, and the average per capita monthly subsidy provided by the government was RMB147.

　　China has formulated a series of disaster prevention and relief plans and regulations, gradually strengthening and standardizing disaster relief work. From 2009 to 2015, the central government allocated RMB69.46 billion as natural disaster relief funds, averagely RMB9.9 billion for each year. In 2015, China provided medical assistance to 95.24 million people at a cost of RMB29.85 billion. The government also provides temporary relief to people who suffer sudden, urgent or temporary difficulties when other social assistance systems cannot cover them at the time, or people who still lack basic necessities after receiving assistance. In 2015, 6.67 million households received temporary relief. The industrial safety and emergency rescue system has been continuously improved. Altogether 32 provincial and 316 municipal emergency rescue centers, and 964 emergency rescue bases and teams have been established nationwide, covering coal, non-coal mines, chemicals, and other key industries. In 2015, they took part in 12,438 missions and rescued 44,344 people.

　　——教育公平得到更好落实。城乡教育差距进一步缩小。深入推进义务教育均衡发展，统筹推进县域内城乡义务教育一体化改革发展，实施贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校改造等工程，全面改善农村义务教育学校和教学点基本办学条件。严格落实义务教育免试就近入学法律规定，推行学区制和九年一贯对口招生。2015年，国务院印发《关于进一步完善城乡义务教育经费保障机制的通知》，建立城乡统一、重在农村的义务教育经费保障机制，惠及1.4亿学生，其中包括1300多万进城务工人员随迁子女、3000万以上寄宿制学生、1200万左右民办学校就读学生、500万左右小规模学校的学生和特殊教育学生。从2011年秋季学期起，实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，每年惠及3000多万学生。增加农村学生上重点大学的人数，自2012年起实施国家农村和贫困地区定向招生等专项计划，2015年共招收7.5万名学生，比2014年增长了10.5%。

　　Equal access to education has improved. The gap between urban and rural education has been further narrowed. The Chinese government further promotes the balanced development of compulsory education, carries forward unified reform and development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas of counties, implements such projects as renovation of unsatisfactory compulsory education schools in poor areas, and works to improve conditions for compulsory education schools and teaching venues in rural areas.

　　he Chinese government strictly follows laws and regulations about compulsory education whereby school-age children should be enrolled in nearby schools without the need to sit exams. It also promotes the school district system and the nine-year compulsory system, under which an elementary school pupil will automatically move on to study in the junior high school in the same school district irrespective of his grades in the elementary school. In 2015, the State Council promulgated the “Notice on Further Improving the Mechanism Guaranteeing Funds for Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas.” With this notice, China established a mechanism for the first time that applies common funding standards to both urban and rural areas, with the focus on the latter. The mechanism benefits 140 million students, including more than 13 million children of rural migrant workers, more than 30 million boarding students, about 12 million private school students, and about 5 million small-scale school students and students receiving special education. From the fall semester of 2011, the government started to carry out a nutrition improvement program for rural students receiving compulsory education. The program benefits over 30 million students every year. Efforts have been made to increase the number of rural student enrollments in key universities. Since 2012, the government has implemented special national programs on targeted enrollment in rural and poor areas. In 2015, 75,000 students were enrolled, an increase of 10.5 percent over 2014.

　　区域教育差距进一步缩小。提高中西部省份高考录取率，扩大“支援中西部地区招生协作计划”规模，2015年录取率最低省份与全国平均水平的差距从2010年的15.3个百分点缩小至5个百分点以内。实施中西部高等教育振兴计划，中央财政加大投入力度，加强中西部高校基础能力建设，提升中西部高校综合实力。