政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014, the state issued the “Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial),” which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people’s courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor.

　　强化法律援助实效，确保贫困人口享有获得司法救济的权利。1994年，中国开始探索法律援助制度，为困难群众无偿提供咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务。2003年，国务院公布施行法律援助条例，明确了法律援助事项范围，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以补充规定法律援助事项，并根据本行政区域经济发展状况和法律援助事业的需要规定公民经济困难的标准。目前，全国已有23个省份扩大补充事项范围，19个省份调整了经济困难标准。2012年修订后的刑事诉讼法将法律援助的范围从被告人扩大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增长11.4%，妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等群体获得了优质便捷的法律援助服务。2015年5月，中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议审议通过《关于完善法律援助制度的意见》，进一步扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面，降低法律援助门槛，使法律援助覆盖人群逐步拓展至低收入群体，惠及更多困难群众。

　　The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the “Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System,” with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.

　　加大司法救济力度，保护弱势群体发展权。中国一直注重发展权等基本人权的刑事司法保护，以法律构筑保护发展权的牢固防线。国家依法制裁对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等的犯罪，强化保障特定群体身心健康发展的权利以及经济社会权利。国家坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女儿童犯罪，拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制。国家颁布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》和《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，不断加大对未成年人权益司法保护力度。国家出台《关于在检察工作中切实维护残疾人合法权益的意见》，依法从重打击侵害残疾人权益的犯罪活动，保障残疾人合法权益。

　　The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups’ rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the “Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors” and the “Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors’ Rights and Interests by Guardians,” so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors’ rights and interests. The state has promulgated the “Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work,” mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.

　　重视发挥仲裁功能，保护特定群体平等发展权。通过依法定纷止争、制裁侵权强化权利的程序性保护。截至2015年年底，全国各地乡镇街道劳动就业社会保障服务所(中心)劳动争议调解组织组建率达80%，比2014年增加14%;共建劳动人事争议仲裁院2919家，总体建院率为91.1%，比“十一五”末期的946家增加了208%。2010年至2015年，全国各地调解仲裁机构共处理争议案件756.6万件，仲裁结案率保持在90%以上。

　　The government attaches importance to the role of arbitration, and protects the equal right to development of certain groups. By ending disputes through arbitration and punishing infringements according to law, China endeavors to strengthen procedure-based protection of the people’s rights. By the end of 2015, 80 percent of township- and community-level employment and social security centers had set up organizations to mediate labor disputes, up by 14 percent from the 2014 figure. A total of 2,919 administrative divisions at or above county level (about 91 percent of the total) had arbitration offices for labor disputes, up by 208 percent compared with the figure of 946 at the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). In 2010-2015, China’s mediation and arbitration organizations handled a total of 7.57 million cases, bringing 90 percent to a conclusion.

　　三、有效实现经济发展

　　III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development

　　中国坚持以经济建设为中心，奠定保障发展权的坚实基础，同时又通过保障人民的发展权更好地促进经济发展。改革开放以来，中国经济快速增长，目前已成为世界第二大经济体，人民的生活总体上实现了从贫困到温饱、再从温饱到小康的两次历史性飞跃。

　　China always considers economic development as the central task, laying a solid foundation for safeguarding the right to development. At the same time, economic development is strengthened by safeguarding the people’s right to development. Since the reform and opening-up policy was launched in 1978, China has witnessed rapid economic growth, and has become the world’s second largest economy. There have been two historic leaps in living standards, from living in poverty to having access to basic material needs, and then to moderate prosperity.

　　——贫困人口生存权得到有效保障。中国的减贫行动是中国人权事业进步的最显著标志。改革开放以来，中国实现了“迄今人类历史上最快速度的大规模减贫”，按照农村现行贫困标准累计减少7亿多贫困人口，超过美、俄、日、德四国人口总和，贫困发生率下降到5.7%，成为世界上率先完成联合国千年发展目标的国家。截至2015年年底，中国农村贫困人口减少到5575万人，其中，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和少数民族分布集中的贵州、云南、青海3省农村贫困人口减少到1813万人。中国的减贫行动有力促进了贫困人口发展权的实现，为全面建成小康社会打下了坚实基础。2015年11月，中共中央、国务院发布关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定，对未来五年脱贫攻坚工作作出全面部署。2016年3月，《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》发布，对全力实施脱贫攻坚总体目标作出战略部署。为实现到2020年让农村贫困人口全部摆脱贫困的宏伟目标，中国正在全面实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略。

　　The right to subsistence of the poor is effectively guaranteed. The poverty reduction campaign in China is the most significant sign of China’s progress in human rights. Since the end of 1978, China has realized “the most rapid large-scale poverty reduction in human history over the last 25 years.” [Note: “Reducing Poverty on a Global Scale: Learning and Innovating for Development Findings from the Shanghai Global Learning Initiative,” a World Bank document on Nov. 14, 2016.] According to the existing rural poverty standards, it has reduced the number of those living in poverty by more than 700 million, which is more than the total population of the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany, and cut the rate of poverty to 5.7 percent, becoming the first country to complete the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. By the end of 2015, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 55.75 million. In the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai, where ethnic minorities are concentrated, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 18.13 million. China’s poverty reduction campaign has effectively contributed to granting its disadvantaged people the right to development, laying a solid foundation for the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In November 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Winning the Tough Battle Against Poverty,” making comprehensive arrangements for poverty eradication work in the following five years. In March 2016, the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Program for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China” was published, in which the Chinese government made strategic plans for the full implementation of the overall goal of poverty eradication. In order to realize the ambitious goal of relieving the rural poor population of poverty by 2020, China is carrying out a basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty eradication.

　　——劳动者工作权利充分实现。经济发展为扩大就业创造了条件，全国城乡就业人数持续增加，从2010年的7.61亿人增加到2015年的7.75亿人。其中，城镇就业人数从3.47亿人增加到4.04亿人，年均增加1100余万人。2015年城镇新增就业1312万人，年末城镇登记失业率为4.05%，延续平稳运行态势。2008年至2015年，中央财政累计投入就业补助资金3055.11亿元。自2009年起，国家专门实施妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，截至2016年6月，已累计发放贷款2794亿元，538万名妇女获贷，带动和扶持包括贫困妇女在内的1000多万名妇女实现创业就业。妇女就业数量和层次不断提高，2014年全国女性就业人员占全社会就业人员比重为45%，女性专业技术人员占专业技术人员总数的46.5%。国家加强技能培训，通过能力建设促进更公平地分享就业机会，截至2015年年底，全国技能劳动者总量达1.67亿人，其中高技能人才4501万人。国家积极促进农村劳动力就地就近转移就业，在县域经济范围内吸纳农村劳动力总量的65%。大力发展服务业，开发适合进城务工人员的就业岗位，建设减免收费的农贸市场和餐饮摊位，实现80%以上的进城务工人员在小微企业就业。鼓励进城务工人员返乡创业，截至2015年年底，进城务工人员返乡创业累计达450万人，不计入个体工商户的农村小微企业达699万户。截至2014年年底，全国私营企业达1546万户，个体工商户近5000万户，分别比2010年增长83%和44%，带动2.5亿人就业。目前，全国互联网创业就业总量近1000万人，“互联网+”成为吸纳就业的重要渠道。国家采取措施引导毕业生多渠道就业、鼓励创业、强化毕业生就业服务和困难毕业生就业帮扶，近几年高校毕业生每年离校时的就业率都保持在70%以上，年底总体就业率超过90%。国家通过援企稳岗、就业帮扶、就业援助等措施，帮助失业人员、就业困难人员实现就业，全面推动零就业家庭动态清零。2011年至2015年，城镇失业人员再就业人数每年都超过550万，就业困难人员实现就业年均近180万人。残疾人就业稳中向好，“十二五”期间实现152万城镇残疾人新增就业，2014年全国城乡劳动年龄段生活能够自理的残疾人就业人数达到2159.63万人。