政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　Regional gap in education has further narrowed. The government has increased the college and university enrollment rate of the students from central and western provinces and expanded the scope of the Collaboration Program on Supporting Enrollment in Central and Western Regions. In 2015, the province with the lowest enrollment rate saw the gap with the national average narrowed from 15.3 percentage points in 2010 to less than 5 percentage points. The government has also established the Program on Rejuvenating Higher Education in Central and Western Regions. The central government has provided more funds to strengthen the basic facilities and performance of colleges and universities in these regions.

　　群体教育差距进一步缩小。女性教育获得长足发展，2013年女性15岁及以上文盲率为6.7%，比1995年降低17.4个百分点，女性文盲人口比1995年减少7000多万，女性人均受教育的增幅和文盲率的下降幅度均大于男性。确保流动儿童平等接受义务教育，2015年全国义务教育学校共接纳进城务工人员随迁子女1367万人，在公办学校就读比例保持在80%，另有近6%通过政府购买学位在民办学校就读。2016年，国务院公布《关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的意见》和《关于加强困境儿童保障工作的意见》，维护未成年人合法权益。扩大残疾人受教育机会，基本实现30万人口以上且残疾儿童较多的县都有1所独立设置的特殊教育学校，支持建立特殊教育资源中心，鼓励普通学校接收特殊儿童，为残疾学生参加普通高考提供合理便利，促进整合教育，盲、聋、智障三类残疾儿童义务教育入学率接近90%。健全家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生教育全覆盖，2015年全国共资助各级各类学生8433.31多万人次，比2009年增长29.36%;资助总额超过1560.25亿元，是2009年的2.25倍。

　　Educational gap between different groups has further narrowed. Female education has made remarkable progress. In 2013, the number of illiterate females aged 15 and above was 6.7 percent, 17.4 percentage points lower than that in 1995, and the illiterate female population had decreased by more than 70 million compared with 1995. The growth in the number of educated women and the decline in female illiteracy are both greater than those of males.

　　The government is striving to ensure equal access to compulsory education for children of rural migrant workers. In 2015, compulsory education schools in urban areas of China admitted a total of 13.67 million children of rural migrant workers, with around 80 percent studying at public schools and nearly 6 percent at private schools through a government-funded scheme. In 2016, the State Council promulgated the “Opinions on Strengthening Care and Protection of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas” and “Opinions on Strengthening Protection of Children in Difficult Situation” to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of minors. The Chinese government also works hard to offer greater education opportunities to persons with disabilities. There is one independent special education school in every county with a population of more than 300,000 people and a high population of disabled children. The government also supports the establishment of special education resource centers, encourages regular schools to enroll children with special needs, provides convenience for disabled students to take part in college entrance examinations, and promotes integrated education. Almost 90 percent of blind, deaf-mute, and mentally handicapped children have access to compulsory education. It works to improve the system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from pre-school education to graduate education. In 2015, the government subsidized more than 84.33 million students throughout China, an increase of 29.36 percent compared with 2009, and spent more than RMB156.03 billion, 2.25 times the level of 2009.

　　少数民族教育发展水平不断提升。中国已形成了包括民族小学、民族中学、民族职业院校、民族高等学校在内的民族教育体系。新中国成立前，中国少数民族文盲率在95%以上，全国仅有1所少数民族高等学校。新中国成立初期，全国普通高校中只有少数民族学生1300人，占比1.4%。到2015年，少数民族和民族地区教育水平全面提高，全国少数民族在校学生达到2595.57万人，已有各类少数民族高等学校32所，少数民族本专科学生达214.29万人，占全国普通高校本专科在校生的比例为8.16%。少数民族享受高等教育发展权利的水平逐步提高、范围日益扩大，实现对所有少数民族从本科教育到研究生教育的全覆盖，55个少数民族都有了研究生，2012-2015年，少数民族高层次骨干人才计划共招收培养1.6万名硕士研究生，4000名博士研究生。

　　The quality of education for ethnic minorities has been continuously improved. China has already created an ethnic education system including ethnic minority primary schools, middle schools, vocational colleges and higher education institutions. Before the PRC was founded in 1949, the illiteracy rate of ethnic minorities in China was above 95 percent, and there was only one higher education institution for ethnic minorities. In the early days of the PRC, there were only 1,300 ethnic minority students in institutions of higher learning across the country, accounting for only 1.4 percent of all students. By 2015, the education level of ethnic minority groups and ethnic minority areas had grown comprehensively. There were 25,955,700 ethnic minority students at that time. There were 32 different types of ethnic minority colleges and universities, and 2,142,900 junior college and college students from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 8.16 percent of the national total. Ethnic minority peoples have expanding access to a broader scope of higher education. Full coverage from undergraduate education to graduate education has been realized for all ethnic minority groups. All of China’s 55 ethnic minority groups have graduate students. From 2012 to 2015, under the Program for Training High Caliber Core Personnel for Ethnic Minority Groups, China enrolled and trained 16,000 master’s degree candidates and 4,000 doctoral candidates.

　　七、加快落实绿色发展

　　VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development

　　中国坚持绿色发展理念，加快推进生态文明建设进程，让中华大地天更蓝、山更绿、水更清、环境更优美，让良好生态环境成为人民生活的增长点，让可持续发展成果惠及全体人民。

　　China is committed to the concept of environment-friendly development and strives to expedite the country’s ecological progress to deliver a more livable and beautiful environment for the people. It aims to make a good eco-environment a focal point for improving people’s living standards, and create sustainable development that benefits all the people.

　　——基本国策保障绿色发展。1973年，中国召开第一次全国环保工作会议。1979年，通过第一部环境保护法。1983年，将保护环境确立为基本国策。1994年，审议通过《中国21世纪议程》，成为世界上第一个制定实施本国可持续发展战略的国家。2000年，将保护生态环境全面纳入国民经济与社会发展规划。2013年以来，中国全面加快推进生态文明建设，提出《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》。目前，已经形成了资源节约和环境保护法律体系，包括32部法律、48部行政法规、85件部门规章。共有各级环保系统机构14257个。截至2015年年底，全国森林面积达2.08亿公顷，森林覆盖率达21.66%，草原综合植被覆盖率达54%，城市建成区绿化覆盖率为40.1%。自然保护区建设实现统筹发展，全国自然保护区总数达到2740个，总面积约14703万公顷。

　　The basic state policy of environmental protection underpins environment-friendly development. In 1973, China convened its first national work conference on environmental protection, and adopted its first Law on Environmental Protection in 1979. In 1983, China made environmental protection a basic state policy. China became the first country in the world to formulate and implement a national sustainable development strategy when it released China’s Agenda 21 in 1994. The year 2000 first saw protection of the eco-environment being incorporated into the national economic and social development program. Since 2013, China has been accelerating ecological progress in an all-round way; the CPC Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued “Opinions on Accelerating Ecological Progress” in 2015. A legal system pivoting on energy conservation and environmental protection has been formed, comprising 32 laws, 48 administrative regulations, and 85 departmental rules of the State Council. Currently, there are 14,257 government agencies involved in environmental protection at all levels.

　　By the end of 2015, national forestry coverage had reached 208 million ha, representing about 22 percent of China’s total land area; the vegetation coverage rate of grasslands had reached 54 percent, and the greenery coverage rate of urban built-up areas was 40.1 percent. Nature reserves have been developing in a unified way. Today China has 2,740 nature reserves, covering a total area of 147.03 million ha.

　　——环境治理改善绿色发展。建立国家生态环保综合决策机制和区域协调机制，形成政府、企业和公众共治的生态环境治理体系。生态环保技术研发水平不断提高，生态环境监控强度和环境污染治理能力不断增强。大气污染控制呈现良好发展趋势，煤炭消费量占能源消费量的比重显著下降，水电、风电、核电、天然气等清洁能源消费量不断上升。“十一五”以来，万元国内生产总值能耗累计下降34%，累计节能15.7亿吨标准煤，累计形成的节能量占全球同期节能量一半以上。2015年，城市污水处理率达到91.9%，城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达到94.1%，人均公园绿地面积达到13.35平方米。

　　Environmental governance enhances environment-friendly development. A national integrated decision-making mechanism and regional coordination mechanisms have been established for the protection of the eco-environment, forming an environmental governance system jointly implemented by the government, enterprises and the public. Research and development in the technology for environmental protection is improving, and there has been continuous reinforcement of environmental monitoring efforts and pollution control capability.

　　Air pollution control is making steady progress. The proportion of coal consumption in total energy provision is decreasing year by year, while the contribution of hydropower, wind power, nuclear power, natural gas and other types of clean energy is increasing. Since the beginning of the 11th Five-Year Program (2006-2010), China’s energy consumption per RMB10,000 GDP has decreased by 34 percent, saving 1.57 billion tons of coal equivalent, more than half of the energy saved by the whole world in this period. In 2015, the urban wastewater treatment rate reached 91.9 percent, and the pollution-free disposal rate of urban domestic solid waste was 94.1 percent. Urban park green space per capita reached 13.35 square meters.

　　——生态经济推动绿色发展。全国建成由2个国家站、33个省级站、300多个地市级站和1700多个县级站组成的农业环境保护工作体系。先后在太湖、巢湖、洱海和三峡库区等污染防治重点流域，建设了农业面源污染综合防治示范区，设立106个国家级绿色防控示范区，带动绿色防控面积达5亿亩以上。建设了两批国家级生态农业示范县共计100余个，带动省级生态农业示范县500多个，建成生态农业示范点2000多处。农业高新技术产业长效发展，农业灌溉水利用系数提高到0.536。持续加大技术改造投资力度，积极推动新型工业发展进程。2016年1-9月，全国工业完成技术改造投资达6.6万亿元，同比增长13.4%，占工业投资的比重达到40%。大力发展第三产业以增加绿色国内生产总值，拓展网络经济空间，2015年全国网上零售额达38773亿元，比2014年增长33.3%。

　　Ecological economics fosters environment-friendly development. China has completed a system of working centers for agricultural environmental protection, consisting of two at national level, 33 at provincial level, more than 300 at prefectural level, and more than 1,700 at county level. In the drainage basins of Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake, the Three Gorges reservoir region, and other major drainage basins requiring pollution prevention and control, model areas of diffuse agricultural pollution prevention and control have been established, and 106 national model areas of eco-friendly prevention and control of plant diseases and pests have been set up, covering more than 33 million ha of farmland. More than 100 counties in two batches have been built into national models of ecological farming, prompting the development of over 500 provincial-level model counties. More than 2,000 model sites of ecological farming have been completed.

　　The agricultural hi-tech industry places its emphasis on long-term development. Field water application efficiency in agricultural irrigation has been raised to 0.536. Investments in technological upgrading have been reinforced, and efforts have been made to promote the new industrial development. Between January and September 2016, investments in industrial technological upgrading amounted to RMB6.6 trillion, an increase of 13.4 percent over the same period of 2015 and accounting for 40 percent of all industrial investments. The tertiary sector has been encouraged and supported to develop faster and generate more green GDP. The expanding Internet economy recorded a turnover of RMB3.88 trillion in the online retail industry in 2015, an increase of 33.3 percent over 2014.

　　——政策扶持促进绿色发展。国家通过整体规划、分类治理、强化补偿，积极保护生态脆弱区可持续发展，区域生态环境已步入良性循环轨道。中国中度以上生态脆弱区占全国陆地国土空间的55%，其中约三分之二集中分布在西部地区。2005年国务院明确提出生态脆弱区实行限制开发，2008年制定实施《全国生态脆弱区保护纲要(2009-2020年)》。到2015年，生态脆弱区战略环境影响评价执行率达到100%，新增治理面积达30%以上，生态产业示范已在生态脆弱区全面开展。