政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　The right to work is fully realized. Economic development creates more jobs. Urban and rural employment continued to increase from 761 million in 2010 to 775 million in 2015. Within these figures, urban employment increased from 347 million to 404 million, representing an average annual increase of more than 11 million. In 2015 urban employment increased by 13.12 million, and the registered urban unemployment rate by the end of the year was 4.05 percent, showing steady progress in this work. From 2008 to 2015, the central government assigned a total of RMB305.51 billion as subsidies to be used in employment. Since 2009, the Chinese government has implemented a policy of financial discount for small-sum guaranteed loans to women. By June 2016, a total of RMB279.4 billion in loans had been provided to 5.38 million women, supporting more than 10 million, including women classified as poor, to start their own businesses or find work. The number of women in employment has increased continuously and their positions have improved. In 2014, employed women accounted for 45 percent of the total workforce in China, and female professional and technical personnel accounted for 46.5 percent of the national total. The government strengthens skill training to promote more equitable sharing of job opportunities through capacity-building. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers in the country had reached 167 million, of whom 45.01 million were highly skilled. The government actively promotes transfer of the rural labor force to employment in local or nearby places, ensuring that 65 percent can find employment within the local county economy. The government vigorously develops the service industry, creating jobs for rural migrant workers, and setting up farmers’ markets and food stalls with reduced or zero fees. As a result, more than 80 percent of rural migrant workers have found jobs in small and micro businesses. The government also encourages rural migrant workers to return home and start businesses. By the end of 2015, 4.5 million rural migrant workers had returned home to start businesses, and rural small and micro businesses amounted to 6.99 million. By the end of 2014, China had 15.46 million private enterprises, and nearly 50 million self-employed businesses, representing increases of 83 percent and 44 percent over 2010; these businesses employed 250 million people. Internet entrepreneurship has helped nearly 10 million people find employment, and “Internet+” is an important channel for creating jobs. The government takes measures to guide graduates to find employment through multiple channels, encourage entrepreneurship, and offer better employment services to graduates and give more assistance to those experiencing difficulties in finding jobs. In recent years, the employment rate of new college graduates has been above 70 percent every year, and the overall employment rate at the end of the year has exceeded 90 percent. By aiding enterprises, and offering employment support and assistance, the government helps unemployed persons and people having difficulty in securing jobs to find employment, and devotes particular attention to zero-employment families. From 2011 to 2015, more than 5.5 million unemployed urban people found jobs every year, while an annual average of almost 1.8 million people having difficulty in securing jobs found employment. Steady progress has been made in the employment of people with disabilities. During the 12th Five-Year Program period (2011-2015), the government helped 1.52 million urban residents with disabilities to find jobs. In 2015, 21,596,300 disabled people of working age across the country found jobs.

　　——人民基本生活水准极大改善。城镇居民家庭和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别由1978年的57.5%和67.7%，下降到2015年的29.7%和33.0%。1978年至2015年，中国城镇人均住宅建筑面积由6.7平方米增长到33平方米以上，农村人均住房面积由8.1平方米增长到37平方米以上。以公共租赁住房、经济适用住房等为主要形式的住房保障制度初步形成。2015年，国家住宅投资达到80247.7亿元，其中全国城镇保障性安居工程基本建成住房772万套，新开工783万套;中央投入农村危房改造补助资金365亿元，支持全国432万贫困农户改造危房。2011年至2015年，全国城镇保障性安居工程累计新建住房4013万套，累计棚户区改造2191万户，一大批住房困难群众搬进楼房，实现“宜居”。2011年至2015年，各级财政给予补贴，共对全国67.5万残疾人家庭进行无障碍改造，提高了残疾人生活质量。人民出行条件极大改善。1978年至2015年，公路通车里程由89万公里增长到457.7万公里，民航旅客吞吐量从231.9万人次增长到9.15亿人次。2015年，全国高速公路通车里程12.35万公里，高速铁路营运里程1.9万公里，行政村公路通畅率达94.5%，建制村通客车率达94.28%。

　　The people’s basic living standards have greatly improved. In 1978, the Engel coefficient of urban households was 57.5 percent and that of rural households was 67.7 percent; in 2015, the figures dropped to 29.7 percent and 33.0 percent respectively. From 1978 to 2015, urban residents saw an increase in their residential area from 6.7 square meters per capita to more than 33 square meters; the corresponding figures for rural residents were 8.1 square meters to more than 37 square meters. A housing security system with government-supported low-rent housing and economically affordable housing as the main forms is in place. In 2015, the national investment in residential buildings reached RMB8,024.77 billion. Within this program, 7.72 million units of government-subsidized urban housing were completed, and construction on another 7.83 million units already started. The central government provided RMB36.5 billion to subsidize the renovation of sub-standard houses for 4.32 million poor rural households around China. From 2011 to 2015, under the government-subsidized urban housing project, China built a total of 40.13 million new units, renovated 21.91 million households in shantytowns, and moved a large number of people with housing difficulties into apartments, realizing “livable” residences. From 2011 to 2015, public finance at all levels subsidized barrier-free reconstruction for 675,000 families with disabled members, improving their quality of life.

　　Travel conditions have greatly improved. From 1978 to 2015, highways in service rose from 890,000 km to 4.58 million km, and the civil aviation passenger throughput grew from 2.32 million to 915 million. In 2015, the total mileage of expressways open to traffic in China reached 123,500 km, the operating mileage of high-speed railways reached 19,000 km. 94.5 percent of villages had paved road access, and 94.3 percent of villages had access to bus services.

　　——人民生活水平显著提高。1978年至2015年，全年国内生产总值从3679亿元增长到685506亿元，人均国内生产总值从200多美元增长到8000美元以上。1978年，城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入只有343.4元，农村居民家庭人均纯收入只有133.6元。2015年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到21966元，其中，城镇居民人均可支配收入31195元，农村居民人均可支配收入11422元。截至2015年年底，全国电话用户总数达到153673万户，其中移动电话用户130574万户，普及率为95.5部/百人;固定互联网宽带接入用户21337万户，移动宽带用户78533万户。互联网上网人数6.88亿人，固定宽带家庭普及率达到50.3%。2015年，国内居民出境12786万人次，其中因私出境12172万人次。民用轿车保有量9508万辆，其中私人轿车8793万辆。

　　The people’s living standards have significantly improved. From 1978 to 2015, the annual GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB68,550.6 billion, and per capita GDP grew from more than US$200 to above US$8,000. In 1978, per capita disposable income of urban households was only RMB343.4, and per capita net income of rural households was only RMB133.6. In 2015, per capita disposable income of all residents reached RMB21,966; the figures were RMB31,195 for urban residents and RMB11,422 for rural residents. By the end of 2015, the total number of phone users nationwide reached 1,536.73 million, and 1,305.74 million of them were mobile phone users, with a penetration rate of 95.5 per 100 people. There were 213.37 million households with fixed broadband Internet access, and 785.33 million mobile broadband users. The number of Internet users was 688 million, and the household penetration rate of fixed broadband reached 50.3 percent. In 2015, Chinese residents made 127.86 million outbound trips, including 121.72 million private trips. Civilian car ownership was 95.08 million, of which 87.93 million were private cars.

　　四、不断完善政治发展

　　IV. Enhancing Political Development

　　中国不断丰富和完善适合自身发展的政治制度，中国特色社会主义民主政治与法治建设全面推进，公民权利和政治权利得到切实保障，人民参与、促进政治发展进程并分享政治发展成果的水平与日俱增。

　　China continues to enrich and improve a political system suited to its own development by advancing Chinese socialist democracy and rule of law in an all-round way, ensuring effective protection of civil and political rights, and raising the levels of participation in and promotion of the political development process and allowing people to partake in the benefits of political development.

　　——人民代表大会制度是人民实现政治发展的根本制度保证。宪法规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民，人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。人民代表大会制度主要通过以下五个途径保障公民参与并分享发展成果：一是通过产生并监督国家机关工作落实发展权利。宪法第3条第3款规定，“国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督”。二是制定法律法规推动发展。截至2016年9月，全国人大及其常委会共制定宪法和现行有效法律252部。截至2016年7月，有立法权的地方人大及其常委会共制定现行有效的地方性法规9915件。三是审批发展政策规划。宪法第62条规定，全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告;审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告。四是畅通民意表达机制。人民群众通过行使提出意见、建议、批评、申诉、控告和监督的权利，合理表达和实现发展利益诉求。五是合理界定公共权力与发展利益的关系。近年来，中国建立了权力清单、负面清单和责任清单三大制度。2013年以来，国务院公开了各部门行政审批事项汇总清单，规定各部门不得在公布的清单之外实施行政审批，取消和下放618项行政审批事项，坚决消除权力设租寻租空间，完善权力运行程序。

　　The people’s congress system is the fundamental institutional guarantee of political development for the people. According to the Constitution, all power in the PRC belongs to the people, and the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The people’s congress system guarantees citizens’ rights to participate in development and share the resulting benefits in five ways:

　　(1) Generating and supervising state organs involved in the implementation of the right to development. Paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Constitution states that all administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.

　　(2) Formulating laws and regulations to foster development. By September 2016, the NPC and its Standing Committee had formulated the Constitution and 252 laws in effect. By July 2016, local people’s congresses and their standing committees with legislative power had formulated 9,915 local regulations in effect.

　　(3) Examining and approving development policy initiatives. Article 62 of the Constitution stipulates that the NPC exercises the functions and powers to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation, among others.

　　(4) Providing an open mechanism for the expression of public opinion. People express and claim their reasonable development interests by means such as the exercise of their rights to raise opinions, suggestions and criticism, to file appeals and complaints, and to supervise.

　　(5) Properly defining the relationship between public power and development interests.

　　In recent years, China has introduced three major systems that are of relevance – the power list, negative list, and responsibility list. Since 2013, the State Council has published lists enumerating all matters subject to administrative approval by its departments, and prohibited the addition of any unlisted matters, with 618 matters canceled or delegated to lower authorities. In this way, the State Council endeavors to eliminate opportunities for exploiting public posts for profit, and to enhance the procedures for the exercise of power.

　　——民主选举是公民实现政治权利的重要内容。改革开放以来，中国的人民民主和选举平等进程取得了重大成就。2010年，全国人大修改选举法，实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，全面实现选举权的平等。在2011年到2012年全国县乡两级人大换届选举中，参加县级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达9.81亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.24%;参加乡级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达7.23亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.55%。为保障两亿多流动人口的选举权利，各地结合本地实际，采取了原则上在户口所在地参选、书面委托其他选民代为投票、取得原选区选民资格证明后在现居住地参选等有效措施，为流动人口参选创造便利条件。在2013年选出的第十二届全国人民代表大会第三次会议2987名代表中，来自一线的工人、农民代表有401人，占代表总数的13.42%;妇女代表699人，占代表总数的23.4%;少数民族代表409人，占代表总数的13.69%，全国55个少数民族都有本民族的代表。

　　Democratic election is an important element of citizens’ political rights. Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, great progress has been made toward establishing people’s democracy and an equal right to vote. In 2010, the NPC adopted an amendment to the Electoral Law providing wider equality of voting rights. Among other measures it requires that deputies be elected to the people’s congresses based on the same population ratio in urban and rural areas.

　　Between 2011 and 2012, the election of deputies to county-level people’s congresses saw more than 981 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.24 percent; the election of deputies to township-level people’s congresses recorded more than 723 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.55 percent. In these elections, measures were taken based on the conditions in each constituency to ensure the right to vote of the 200 million floating population, and to facilitate their voting. The basic principle was that voters cast their votes in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are, while they may vote by proxy with a letter of entrustment, and voters who have their voter qualification certificates in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are may vote in the constituencies where they currently live.

　　The 2,987 deputies elected in 2013 to the Third Session of the 12th NPC included 401 workers and farmers accounting for 13.42 percent, 699 women accounting for 23.4 percent, and 409 deputies from all the 55 ethnic minority groups of China accounting for 13.69 percent.

　　——协商民主是公民实现有序政治参与的重要途径。中国形成了政党协商、人大协商、政府协商、人民团体协商、基层协商和社会组织协商构成的广泛多层、制度化的协商民主体系，扩大了公民有序的政治参与，保障了发展权的实现。中国人民政治协商会议是中国实行协商民主制度的重要机构，涵盖了包括中国共产党在内的9个党派、8个人民团体、56个民族、5大宗教、34个界别，共有各级政协组织3000多个，各级政协委员60多万名。2015年全国政协共举办41项重要协商活动、107项视察调研活动，形成了以全体会议为龙头、专题议政性常委会议和专题协商会为重点、双周协商座谈会为常态的协商议政格局。2015年全国政协十二届三次会议上，有1948名政协委员提交提案，占委员总数的87.5%;提案总计5857件，立案4984件，占总数的85.1%。全国政协十二届一次会议以来，提案办复率达99.5%以上。

　　Consultative democracy is an important channel for orderly participation in the political process. An extensive, multi-layered, institutionalized system of consultative democracy inclusive of multiple parties, people’s congresses, governments, people’s organizations, the grassroots, and non-governmental organizations has been created to expand orderly participation in the political process and ensure the citizen’s right to development.

　　The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an essential organ for implementing consultative democracy, involving the participation of nine political parties including the CPC, eight people’s organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions and 34 sectors of society. The CPPCC has more than 3,000 committees and over 600,000 members at all levels. In 2015, the CPPCC organized 41 major consultation events, and 107 inspection and survey tours, forming a political consultation framework employing a range of options such as plenary sessions, standing committees’ thematic discussions on administrative affairs and thematic consultative seminars, and biweekly consultative seminars.

　　In the Third Session of the 12th CPPCC convened in 2015, 87.5 percent or 1,948 of the CPPCC members submitted 5,857 proposals, of which 85.1 percent or 4,984 were taken up for consideration. Since the First Session of the 12th CPPCC held in 2013, the rates of proposal handling and response have reached 99.5 percent or above.

　　——民族区域自治是少数民族实现政治权利的重要形式。中国成功创设了单一制国家结构下的民族区域自治制度，有效保障少数民族的各项民主权利。在55个少数民族中，有44个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的71%，民族自治地方的面积约占全国国土总面积的64%。截至2016年7月底，共制定和修改现行有效的自治条例和单行条例967件，进一步夯实了少数民族发展权实现的法律基础。全国5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县(旗)的行政首长全部由实行区域自治的少数民族公民担任。民族自治地方的各级党委、人大、政府、政协领导班子及其职能部门都配有一定数量的少数民族干部，少数民族干部比例普遍接近或超过少数民族人口占当地总人口的比例。截至2015年年底，少数民族公务员已达76.5万人，比1978年增长了近3倍。在全国公务员队伍中，少数民族占10.7%，其中县处级以上的少数民族公务员占同级公务员总数的8.3%。

　　Regional ethnic autonomy is an important channel for ethnic minorities to exercise their political rights. China has created the system of regional ethnic autonomy under the unitary system of government to effectively protect the democratic rights of ethnic minorities. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China, 44 have established ethnic autonomous areas. 71 percent of the ethnic minorities exercise regional autonomy, and the land area under ethnic autonomous areas accounts for 64 percent of the national territory. By the end of July 2016, ethnic autonomous areas had formulated and amended 967 autonomous regulations and separate regulations in effect, solidifying the legal foundation for ethnic minorities’ exercise of their right to development.

　　Heads of governments of the five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties are citizens from ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. Leaderships and functional departments of CPC committees, people’s congresses, governments, CPPCC committees at all levels in ethnic autonomous areas contain ethnic minorities, whose proportions are generally close to or higher than the percentages of ethnic minorities in the local population. By the end of 2015, ethnic minority civil servants numbered 765,000 - nearly four times the figure in 1978 – and 10.7 percent of the total number of civil servants across the country. 8.3 percent of civil servants at or above county level were ethnic minorities.

　　——基层民主是基层民众维护和实现平等发展的有效途径。中国建立了以农村村民委员会、城市居民委员会为主要形式的基层群众自治制度。在农村地区，58.1万个村委会98%以上实行直接选举并制订村规民约和村民自治章程，村民平均参选率超过95%，6亿农民参加选举。在城市地区，全国已有社区居民委员会10万个，社区居委会干部51.2万名，志愿者540万名。通过直接选举、网格化管理平台、志愿服务、听证会、协调会、评议会、社区联络员、社区网络论坛、民情信息站等多种途径，大大拓宽了居民民主参与的空间，提高了居民的自治能力和水平，形成了中国特色的基层群众自治制度。在企事业单位，职工代表大会制度广泛推行。全国已建立工会的企事业单位单独建立厂务公开制度的有464.3万家。全国基层工会组织总数275.3万个，工会会员总数达2.8亿人，其中进城务工人员会员总数1.09亿人。截至2016年6月，全国在民政部门正式登记的社会组织共有67万个，其中社会团体32.9万个，基金会5028个，民办非企业单位33.6万个。这些社会组织的服务与影响范围涉及教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育、社区、环保、公益、慈善、农村经济等社会生活的各个领域。