政府报告白皮书：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》

　　Grassroots democracy is an effective way for people to safeguard and realize equal right to development. China has established a system of grassroots self-governance implemented by rural villagers’ committees and urban neighborhood committees. Approximately 98 percent of the 581,000 villagers’ committees across the country practice direct election and have formulated village regulations and rules for villagers’ self-governance. The turnout rates of direct elections average 95 percent among 600 million eligible voters. The 100,000 urban neighborhood committees in China utilize the services of 512,000 staff and 5.4 million volunteers. Urban residents’ participation in democracy has been remarkably broadened and their self-governance capabilities and levels have been improved, through multiple channels, including direct elections, gridded management platforms, volunteer services, hearings, coordination meetings, appraisal meetings, community liaison, communities’ online forums, and community public concern stations, all contributing to China’s system of grassroots self-governance. The workers’ congress system has been widely applied in enterprises and public institutions. 4.64 million or 88.6 percent of enterprises and public institutions with trade unions have established separate systems for publicizing enterprise affairs. There are 2.75 million grassroots trade unions across the country, with 280 million members, including 109 million migrant workers from rural areas.

　　By June 2016, non-governmental organizations that had registered at offices of civil affairs numbered 670,000, including 329,000 mass organizations, 5,028 foundations, and 336,000 private non-profit units. These non-governmental organizations’ services and influence extend to education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, communities, environmental protection, public welfare, charity, rural economy and other fields of public life.

　　——公共参与是公民直接参与发展决策的便捷渠道。国家深入推进民主立法，健全公众参与立法的途径和方式，建立委托第三方起草和由第三方居中评估的立法制度，健全法律法规规章草案公开征求意见和公众意见采纳情况反馈机制。一些地方出台了重大行政决策程序规定，把公众参与作为重要法定程序，明确了公众参与行政决策的方式方法，广泛采用公开征求意见、听证会、座谈会、问卷调查等方式。2007年，国务院公布政府信息公开条例，重点推进行政审批、财政预决算、保障性住房、食品药品安全、征地拆迁等信息的公开，使公民及时、准确获取信息，保障知情权，进行有效监督，不断提高政府工作透明度和执法效能。公众参与司法渠道逐步拓宽。目前，全国人民陪审员总数已超过22万人。自2003年开展人民监督员制度试点工作以来，截至2016年4月，共选任人民监督员4.8万余人次，监督各类职务犯罪案件4.9万余件。截至2015年年底，全国共有人民调解委员会近80万个，人民调解员390余万人，近8年来排查化解矛盾纠纷6700多万件。公众信访渠道进一步丰富，政治参与途径进一步拓宽。国家信访信息系统正式开通，实现公民信访网上投诉、办理、评价，并开通手机信访、微信公众号。2015年全国网上信访141万件次，其中建议意见14万件次。

　　Public participation provides citizens with ready access to decision-making processes. China has furthered democratic legislation and improved the channels and forms of public participation in legislation. Efforts have also been made to establish a system of commissioning third parties to draft legislation and evaluate the drafts, and improve the mechanisms for soliciting public opinion on drafts of laws and regulations and giving feedback on responses. Some local authorities have adopted regulations on administrative decision-making procedures for major issues, which list public participation as an important legal procedure and define the forms and methods of public participation in administrative decision-making. Open solicitation of public opinion, hearings, seminars and questionnaires are widely applied for this purpose.

　　In 2007, the State Council enacted Regulations on Open Government Information, emphasizing open information concerning administrative approval, financial budgets and final accounts, government-subsidized housing for the poor, food and drug safety, land appropriation, and household demolition and resettlement. The Regulations provide for prompt and accurate disclosure of government information to the public and protection of their right to know, and ensure effective scrutiny over government work while enhancing transparency in government information and efficiency in law-enforcement.

　　Channels of public participation in judicial processes have been steadily broadened. The number of people’s assessors has now surpassed 220,000. From 2003 when China piloted the people’s supervisor mechanism to April 2016, there were more than 48,000 people’s supervisors, who had exercised supervision over 49,000 cases of job-related crimes. By the end of 2015, there had been nearly 800,000 people’s mediation committees with more than 3.9 million people’s mediators, who had, in recent eight years, investigated and resolved more than 67 million cases of disputes.

　　Public complaint filing has taken on more diversified forms, further broadening the channels for public political participation. The national complaint filing system has opened to the public for online complaint filing, resolution, and result appraisal through computers, mobile phones and the social-media app WeChat’s public accounts platform. A total of 1.41 million cases were filed online in 2015, of which 140,000 were aimed at offering suggestions.

　　五、努力促进文化发展

　　V. Promoting Cultural Progress

　　中国政府坚定不移地深化文化体制改革，解放和发展文化生产力，积极推进文化发展成果普惠化和文化发展机会均等化，努力保障公民文化发展权的实现。

　　The Chinese government endeavors to restructure China’s cultural system, free and develop cultural productivity, so as to create equal opportunity for all citizens to enjoy benefits of cultural development and to have access to cultural development opportunities, and ensure realization of their right to cultural development.

　　——公共文化服务体系建设加速推进。2015年，中国发布《关于加快构建现代公共文化服务体系的意见》和《国家基本公共文化服务指导标准(2015-2020年)》，对加快构建现代公共文化服务体系，推进基本公共文化服务标准化均等化，以及保障人民群众基本文化权益作出全面部署。加快公共数字文化建设，实施国家公共文化数字支撑平台、国家数字文化网等一批重点项目。截至2015年年底，文化信息资源共享工程已建成1个国家中心、33个省级分中心、2843个市县支中心、35719个乡镇(街道)基层服务点、70万个村(社区)基层服务点。完善公共文化设施网络，加强基层文化服务能力建设。截至2015年年底，全国文化系统共有艺术表演团体2037个、公共图书馆3139个、文化馆3315个、博物馆2981个，数字图书馆推广工程已在40个省级馆、479个地市级馆实施。继续推进公共文化设施免费开放，各级公共美术馆向公众免费开放，各级图书馆、文化馆(站)向公众免费提供基本公共文化服务项目。通过农村广播电视村村通、户户通工程，乡镇综合文化站工程，农村电影放映工程，农家书屋工程及农村数字文化工程等惠民工程，农村公共文化服务能力大大增强。

　　The building of a public cultural service system has been accelerated. In 2015, the Chinese government issued “Opinions on Accelerating the Building of a Modernized Public Cultural Service System” and “Guidance for National Basic Public Cultural Services (2015-2020),” presenting an all-round plan for accelerating the building of a modernized public cultural service system, promoting standard basic public cultural services and equal access, and protecting the people’s basic cultural rights and interests. China has accelerated public digital cultural programs, such as the National Public Culture Digital Platform, and the National Digital Culture Network (http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/). By the end of 2015, the National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project had completed 1 national center, 33 provincial centers, 2,843 municipal and county centers, 35,719 township and town (sub-district) stations, and 700,000 village (community) stations. China has improved the public cultural infrastructure network and increased the capacity of community-level cultural services. By the end of 2015, China had 2,037 art performance troupes, 3,139 public libraries, 3,315 cultural centers, 2,981 museums, 40 provincial digital libraries, and 479 municipal and prefectural digital libraries. Continuous efforts were made to open public cultural facilities to the public for free, including public art museums at all levels, and basic public cultural services in libraries and cultural centers (stations) at all levels. By promoting projects such as Radio and TV Programs for Each Village and Each Rural Household, Town and Township Comprehensive Cultural Centers, Rural Cinema, Rural Libraries, and Rural Digital Culture, China has greatly enhanced rural cultural service capacity.

　　——文学艺术、新闻出版、广播影视和体育事业蓬勃发展。2015年，出版各类报纸430.09亿份、期刊28.78亿册、图书86.62亿册(张)，人均图书拥有量6.32册(张)。有线电视实际用户达2.36亿户，其中有线数字电视实际用户1.98亿户。年末广播节目综合人口覆盖率为98.2%，电视节目综合人口覆盖率为98.8%。2015年，生产电视剧395部16560集，电视动画片134011分钟，故事影片686部，科教、纪录、动画和特种影片202部。对农村取得电影放映收入，免征增值税。支持小微文化企业发展，实施中西部地区县级城市影院建设资金补贴政策、金融支持政策和影院建设的差别化用地政策。开展全民阅读活动，2016“书香中国”系列活动惠及8亿多人次，全社会“爱读书、读好书、善读书”的阅读氛围更加深厚。加快体育产业发展，构建政府、社会、企业共同兴办体育的格局，实施全民健身计划，社会化全民健身组织网络基本形成，体育健身场地设施实现较大幅度增加。2015年，国家下拨补助资金8.7亿元，鼓励大型公共体育设施免费或低收费开放。2014年，国家体育彩票累计销售1746.04亿元，全年共筹集公益金455.11亿元。

　　Literature, arts, news, publishing, radio, film, television and sports are thriving. In 2015, China published more than 43 billion copies of newspapers, 2.9 billion copies of periodicals, and 8.7 billion copies of books. The number of books published per capita reached 6.32. A total of 236 million households subscribed to cable TV, including 198 million subscribers to digital cable TV. At the end of the year, the radio coverage rate was 98.2 percent of the total population, and TV coverage was 98.8 percent of the total population. In 2015, China produced 395 TV serials totaling 16,560 episodes, 134,000 minutes of TV animation, 686 feature films, and 202 popular science films, documentaries, animation and special films. China has adopted value-added tax exemption for revenues from rural cinemas. It has also given support to small and micro cultural businesses, and implemented policies offering construction subsidies, financial support and differentiated land designation for county cinemas in central and western regions. China has launched an “All People Reading” campaign nationwide. The 2016 “Literary China” series of activities has benefitted over 800 million participants, forming a congenial social atmosphere for reading. China has accelerated the development of the sports industry under a policy that has the combined support of government, society and enterprises. China has launched a nationwide fitness campaign, basically established a corresponding organizational network, and greatly increased the number of sports venues and facilities. In 2015, China allocated RMB870 million in subsidies to support large sports venues and facilities to open to the public for free or at low cost. In 2014, the sales of the National Sports Lottery reached RMB174.6 billion, and the funds raised for the public totaled RMB45.5 billion.

　　——少数民族地区文化事业发展迅速。国家大力支持少数民族地区文化事业发展，通过实施万里边疆文化长廊建设、文化信息资源共享工程等，完善民族地区公共文化服务体系。截至2015年年底，布达拉宫等9项分布在民族地区的自然、文化遗产被列入《世界文化遗产名录》。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术等14项和羌年等4项少数民族项目分别入选联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》《急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录》，在民族地区建成10个文化生态保护实验区。在已经公布的四批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录和四批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目代表性传承人名单中，全国共有479项少数民族非物质文化遗产代表性项目、524名非物质文化遗产代表性项目传承人入选。全国少数民族古籍解题书目套书《中国少数民族古籍总目提要》于2014年全部出版。推进少数民族语言文字的规范化、标准化和信息处理，立项研制了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、彝等少数民族人名汉字音译转写规范，建设中国少数民族濒危语言数据库，设立并实施“中国语言资源保护工程”。截至2015年年底，全国有54个少数民族使用80余种本民族语言，21个少数民族使用28种本民族文字，近200个广播电台(站)使用25种少数民族语言播音，出版民族文字图书的各类出版社有32家，11个少数民族语言电影译制中心可进行17个少数民族语种、37种少数民族方言的译制，2012-2015年共完成3000余部(次)电影的少数民族语言译制。2015年，出版少数民族文字图书9192种、6912万册(张)，报纸19609万份，期刊1245万册。

　　Cultural programs in ethnic minority areas are developing. China has vigorously supported cultural development in ethnic minority areas. Through such programs as the Frontier Cultural Corridor Project and National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project, China has improved the public cultural service system in ethnic minority areas. By the end of 2015, nine natural and cultural sites scattered in China’s ethnic minority areas, including the Potala Palace in Tibet, were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Fourteen ethnic minority arts including Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang were added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and another four, including the Qiang ethnic group’s New Year Festival, were added to the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Ten experimental zones for cultural protection in ethnic minority areas have been established. A total of 479 ethnic minority heritage items have been included in the four lists of national representative intangible cultural heritage, and 524 trustees from ethnic minority groups have been put on the four lists of national representative trustees of intangible cultural heritage. The book series of explanatory notes on ancient books of ethnic minority groups, titled Synopsis of the General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Ethnic Minority Groups of China, was published in 2014. China has promoted the regulation, standardization and computerized processing of languages and scripts of ethnic minority groups. Projects have been initiated for the research and formulation of regulations on the transliteration of personal names into standard Chinese from Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, Yi and other ethnic minority languages. China has set up databanks for ethnic minority languages on the brink of extinction, and initiated and implemented the Project for the Protection of Chinese Language Resources. By the end of 2015, a total of 54 ethnic minority groups were using more than 80 spoken languages of their own ethnic groups, and 21 ethnic minority groups were using 28 scripts of their own ethnic groups. Now nearly 200 radio stations nationwide broadcast in 25 ethnic minority languages; 32 publishing houses of various types publish books in ethnic minority languages; 11 film dubbing centers, using 17 ethnic minority languages and 37 ethnic minority dialects, finished the dubbing of movies, amounting to over 3,000 versions from 2012 to 2015. In 2015, China produced many publications in ethnic minority languages, including 69.12 million copies of 9,192 book titles, 196.09 million copies of newspapers and 12.45 million copies of periodicals.

　　——老年人、残疾人和进城务工人员等群体的文化发展受到高度重视。积极依托公共图书馆、文化馆等公共文化设施开办老年大学，创办了一批示范性老年大学，满足老年人多层次的文化需求。残疾人参与文化体育活动的环境不断改善。截至2015年年底，助残志愿者联络站已发展到30多万个，登记在册助残志愿者共计850万人，受助残疾人上亿万人次。颁布《国家信息化发展战略纲要》，加快政府网站信息无障碍建设，鼓励社会力量为残疾人提供个性化信息服务。国务院门户网站设立“残疾人服务”专栏，国家级盲文图书馆、盲人数字图书馆上线，截至2014年底全国各级公共图书馆设立盲人阅览室1515个。截至2015年年底，全国已建成公共电子阅览室65918 个，重点为老年人和进城务工人员等群体提供服务。